Svmmarivm
Haec lectio qvartam cvrsvs vnitatem aperit, mathematicae et logicae dicatam. Explicat cvi rei vnitas serviat: vt architectvra vnitatis prioris formvlis, aeqvationibvs, envntiatis et dedvctionibvs impleatvr, qvae eadem diligentia componantvr qva cogitantvr; qvinqve eivs lectiones exhibet et filvm qvo inter se conectvntvr, a modo mathematico vsqve ad arbores dedvctionis; definit qvae ex vnitatibvs prioribvs pro cognitis habeantvr; memorat qvomodo notatio mathematica et logica natae sint et cvr earvm compositio per saecvla opvs artis typographicae pretiosissimvm fverit; qvaestionem proponit qvam vnitas solvit, qvod formvla vt textvs scripta recta videtvr nec est; et ostendit eandem notationem physicae, oeconomiae, informaticae et philosophiae servire.
Proposita discendi
- Ordinem rervm qvae in vnitate tractantvr describere et explicare qvid qvaeqve lectio seqventi conferat.
- Agnoscere qvae vnitas ex prioribvs pro cognitis habeat, eaqve, si opvs est, repetere.
- Exemplo distingvere formvlam in modo mathematico compositam a formvla vt textvs scripta.
- In disciplina sva agnoscere envntiata, formvlas et dedvctiones qvas vnitas componere docet.
Probatio initialis
Anteqvam vnitas percvrritvr, initivm ipsvm metiri expedit. Haec probatio est svi ipsivs aestimatio: nvllo gradv notatvr, et solvm eivs propositvm est stvdivm dirigere. Dvae primae eivs qvaestiones repetvnt qvae vnitas ex prioribvs pro cognitis habet; decem seqventes binae et ordine qvinqve vnitatis lectiones attingvnt. Qvi nvmqvam formvlam in LaTeX scripsit eas recte solvere non debet exspectare: qvodqve responsvm, rectvm sive falsvm, rem explicat et lectionem nominat qvae eam tractat. Eaedem facvltates in fine itervm metivntvr, in lectione synthesis.
Antequam vnitatem incipias, pvnctvm vnde proficisceris metire. Brevis est sui ipsivs probatio: non aestimatvr, et eivs exitvs in solo tvo navigatro servatvr.
Qvaestio 1Ex vnitatibvs prioribvsIn sectione 2 commentationis, cvivs prima aeqvatio nvmerata nvmervm 3 fert, avctor
\label{aeq:ohm}scribit in versv qvi\begin{equation}antecedit. Qvid\eqref{aeq:ohm}imprimit?Propinqvitas non svfficit: ordo valet, et pittacivm ante scriptvm nvmervm aeqvationis non videt.Pittacivm exstat et adnotatvr; post alteram compilationem nvmervm imprimit, qvamvis non debitvm.\labelvbivis in corpore scribi potest; ideo vitivm sine monitione transit.Pittacivm vltimvm nvmervm ante se assignatvm inscribit, et ante aeqvationem vltimvs fvit sectionis. Intra ambitvm pittacivm nvmervm 3 inscriberet;\eqrefparentheses tantvm addit.Repete: Relationes internae
Qvaestio 2Ex vnitatibvs prioribvsVt vectores litteris crassis scribantvr, praeambvlvm
\newcommand{\vec}[1]{\mathbf{#1}}continet. Qvid accidit?Id\renewcommandfaceret;\newcommandredefinire recvsat.Nomen vnvm tantvm mandatvm designat.Mandata propria etiam intra formvlas valent; hoc tamen reicitvr.\newcommandmandata exstantia non redefinit. Alivd nomen eligitvr, vt\vect, avt mandatvm sciens per\renewcommandredefinitvr, sagitta omissa.Repete: Macrae et praeambvlvm proprivm
Qvaestio 3In docvmento cvm babel Latino, sine optionibvs, qvid
$3,5$imprimit?babel Latinvm neqve virgvlam neqve pvnctvm convertit: virgvla interpvnctio manet.Virgvla scripta imprimitvr; spativm qvod eam seqvitvr peccat.Virgvla admittitvr; solvm intervallvm eivs mvtatvr.In modo mathematico virgvla interpvnctio est, qvam spativm tenve seqvitvr. Scribitvr$3{,}5$; babel Latinvm, contra atqve babel Hispanicvm, pvnctvm non convertit, ita vt$3.5$«3.5» imprimat.Qvaestio 4Sententia formvla seorsvm posita finitvr. Vbi pvnctvm finale ponitvr?
Pvnctvm solvm in initio versvs maneret.Interpvngvntvr perinde ac si in versv essent.Versvs vacvvs novam paragraphvm aperit, et pvnctvm cvm indentatione maneret.Formvla seorsvm posita pars sententiae est; pvnctvm post\]scriptvm in initivm versvs seqventis caderet.Qvaestio 5Qvid
$x^10$imprimit?Opvs essetx^{10}: sine vncis solvm 1 ascendit.Is error oritvr cvm dvo^in eadem basi stant, non cvm exponens dvarvm cifrarvm.0 in linea basis manet, sed 1 vere in exponentem ascendit.Signvm^in vnvm tantvm elementvm agit; vt conivngantvr, vnci scribvntvr:x^{10}.Repete: Symbola et notatio
Qvaestio 6In docvmento cvm babel Hispanico et amsmath, qvid
$\sin x$imprimit?babel\sinnon redefinit;\senseparatim praebet.Id accidit cvmsin xsine virgvla inversa scribitvr.\sinin nvcleo LaTeX definitvm manet.babel Hispanicvm\senvt mandatvm novvm definit et accentvm\lim,\max,\minet\infaddit, sed\sinnon tangit.Repete: Symbola et notatio
Qvaestio 7Ambitvs
aligndvas aeqvationes habet, et altera\\finitvr. Qvi nvmeri in margine videntvr?Eam neglegit intra\[…\], non in ambitv ordinandi, vbi ordinem aperit.Is error a signo&extra ordinationem oritvr, non a dvplici virgvla.Id inalign*accidit, qvod non nvmerat;alignetiam versvm vacvvm nvmerat.\\novvm versvm aperit; in fine vltimi versvm vacvvm creat, qvemalignsine vlla monitione nvmerat.Repete: Aeqvationes plvrivm versvvm
Qvaestio 8Derivatio qvattvor versvvm, in signis aeqvalitatis ordinatorvm, vt totvm citanda est, vno nvmero. Qvid scribere expedit?
gathernon ordinat et singvlos versvs nvmerat.Non ordinantvr nec nvmervm fervnt.multlinevni formvlae nimis longae servit, non catenae ordinatae.splitversvs ordinat et ambitviequationvnvm nvmervm relinqvit, ad totvm medivm.Repete: Aeqvationes plvrivm versvvm
Qvaestio 9Commentatio
\newtheorem{theorema}{Theorema}et\newtheorem{lemma}[theorema]{Lemma}declarat, et textvs eivs hoc ordine lemma, theorema et altervm lemma continet. Qvam inscriptionem vltimvm habet?Ita esset nvmeratoribvs separatis; argvmentvm[theorema]efficit vt lemma nvmeratorem theorematis commvnicet.Nvmeratio per sectionem[section]in fine declarationis theorematis postvlat.Nvllvs nvmerator hic ad initivm redit: sine[section]series continva est.Lemma nvmeratore theorematis vtitvr: tria envntiata vnam seriem efficivnt, et nvmervs locvm dicit, non inscriptionem.Repete: Theoremata et demonstrationes
Qvaestio 10Demonstratio formvla seorsvm posita
\[…\]finitvr, et qvadratvm finale solvm, in versv vacvo, infra apparet. Qvid id corrigit?Ambitvs qvadratvm svvm in clavsvra ponit, et dvo exirent.Nvmervs marginem dextrvm occvpat, et qvadratvm nihilominvs in versvm proprivm descendit.Id formam symboli mvtat, non locvm.Cvm ambitvs clavditvr, formvla iam composita est;\qedhereqvadratvm eo ipso loco ponit qvo scribitvr.Repete: Theoremata et demonstrationes
Qvaestio 11Liber logicvs, vt formvlam lingvae qvam perscrvtatvr, condicionale ex p et q scribere vvlt. Qvi fons convenit?
Sagitta dvplex ad metalingvam pertinet: affirmat ex vno alivd seqvi.Est sagitta amsmath ad affirmationes conectendas, cvm spatio amplo; neqve ipsa connectivvm est.Conseqventiam semanticam affirmat, non formvlam scribit.Sagitta simplex est connectivvm lingvae obiecti.Repete: Logica et dedvctiones
Qvaestio 12In
bussproofsscribvntvr\AxiomC{$p$},\AxiomC{$q$},\AxiomC{$r$}et\BinaryInfC{$s$}, deinde\DisplayProof. Qvid accidit?Inferentia binaria dvas tantvm vltimas arbores svmit.Is error oritvr cvm arbores desvnt, non cvm svpersvnt.\DisplayProofvnam arborem in acervo postvlat.Inferentia binaria dvas vltimas arbores, q et r, consvmit; arbor ipsivs p seorsvm manet, et\DisplayProofvnam tantvm postvlat.Repete: Logica et dedvctiones
Argvmentvm oneratvr…