Ad argvmentvm transi
Topos Uranos
Latine

Lingvae et typi

Svmmarivm

Haec lectio docet lingvas docvmenti declarare eivsqve typos eligere. Explicat qvid babel mvtet cvm lingva declaratvr (divisionem verborvm, titvlos, dies et signa citationis) et tres modos lingvae mvtandae distingvit: \selectlanguage, \foreignlanguage et ambitvm otherlanguage. Haec ad lingvam Graecam polytonicam et ad Latinam applicat, cvm singvlis locis. Deinde fontspec proponit: tres familias docvmenti, \babelfont ad typvm cviqve lingvae tribvendvm, et proprietates OpenType vtilissimas (nvmeros elzevirianos, capitales parvas et ligatvras). Docet probare nvm typvs omnes characteres docvmenti contineat, monitiones «Missing character» legendo et typos per albatross qvaerendo, et explicat cvr typi cvm TeX Live traditi praeferendi sint, cvm docvmentvm etiam in Overleaf componi debeat. Breviter deniqve scriptvras a dextra ad sinistram, Asiaticas et polyglossia commemorat.

Proposita discendi

  1. Lingvam principalem et secvndarias docvmenti per babel declarare, et explicare qvid qvaeqve lingva in effectv statvat.
  2. Inter \foreignlanguage, otherlanguage et \selectlanguage eligere secvndvm id qvod mvtari debet, et diem, titvlos signaqve citationis qvae inde orivntvr praedicere.
  3. Locos Graecos polytonicos et Latinos cvm sva divisione verborvm et typo apto componere.
  4. Typos per fontspec et babel tribvere, et nvmeros elzevirianos, capitales parvas et ligatvras accendere.
  5. Probare nvm typi electi omnes characteres et formas contineant qvibvs docvmentvm vtitvr, et monitiones interpretari qvae contrarivm indicant.
  6. Inter typvm e TeX Live et typvm systematis eligere secvndvm locvm vbi docvmentvm componi debet.

Qvid cvm lingva mvtetvr

Lectiones svperiores semper \usepackage[latin]{babel} oneravervnt, nec in eo qvod facit morati svnt. Atqvi lingva non est sola series litterarvm: svas regvlas habet verba in fine versvs dividendi, sva nomina partivm docvmenti, svvm modvm dies scribendi, sva signa citationis. Fascicvlvs babel has consvetvdines per lingvas colligit, et lingvam declarare est ab eo petere vt eas adhibeat. Lingva nempe statvit:

  • divisionem verborvm: qvibvs regvlis machina loca qvaerat vbi verbvm frangi possit;
  • titvlos qvos LaTeX sva sponte scribit, vt titvlvm indicis vel nomen tabvlarvm et figvrarvm;
  • diem qvem \today imprimit, qvi est dies compositionis;
  • qvaedam compendia claviatvrae, vt ea qvae lingva Latina pro signis citationis definit, qvae in hac ipsa sectione videbvntvr.
ExemplvmEadem mandata tribvs lingvis

Tres paragraphi eisdem mandatis vtvntvr; sola lingva mvtatvr qva legvntvr. \tablename, \figurename et \contentsname titvli svnt tabvlarvm, figvrarvm et indicis.

Codex LaTeX
\documentclass{article}\usepackage{fontspec}\usepackage[italian, english, latin]{babel}\begin{document}Dies: \today. Tituli: \tablename, \figurename, \contentsname.​\begin{otherlanguage}{english}Date: \today. Captions: \tablename, \figurename, \contentsname.\end{otherlanguage}​\begin{otherlanguage}{italian}Data: \today. Etichette: \tablename, \figurename, \contentsname.\end{otherlanguage}\end{document}
Exitvs
Exitvs

Lingva Latina diem et annvm nvmeris Romanis scribit. Notandvm praeterea babel qvattvor Latinitatis varietates praebere: latin, qvae hodierna est, classicallatin, medievallatin et ecclesiasticallatin, qvae titvlis, nominibvs mensivm et divisione verborvm differvnt; classica et mediaevalis, exempli gratia, in minvscvlis litteram u scribvnt, vbi hodierna v (Nouembris), et in maivscvlis V reddvnt. Titvlos tamen omnes minvscvlis cvm u scribvnt, etiam hodierna: babel Tabula et Conspectus tabularum imprimit, et sic in imaginibvs hvivs cvrsvs apparent, dvm textvs, qvi V vbiqve scribit, eos «Tabvla» et «Conspectvs tabvlarvm» citat. Qvi V etiam in titvlis vvlt, eos per \setlocalecaption redefinit, vt in lectione de figvris et tabvlis flvitantibvs videbitvr.

Divisio verborvm

Divisio verborvm effectvs lingvae est minime conspicvvs et maximi momenti. Qvaeqve lingva verba sva secvndvm traditionem svam dividit: Anglica saepe compositionem verbi servat, vt in stand-ing; Latina dvas traditiones habet, alteram hodiernam, qvae pronvntiationem et vsvm typographicvm Italicvm seqvitvr et s ante consonantem in versvm seqventem transfert, alteram classicam, qvae secvndvm sonos antiqvos dividit. Si locvs alterivs lingvae non notatvr, machina evm regvlis lingvae vigentis dividit, et divisiones qvas proponit in illa lingva vitiosae esse possvnt.

Mandatvm \showhyphens loca divisionis qvae machina in verbis acceptis admitteret in acta scribit, nihil in docvmento imprimens. Ad probandvm valet qvae regvlae qvoqve loco vigeant.

ExemplvmEadem verba diversis regvlis

Fons divisiones dvorvm verborvm Anglicorvm et dvorvm Latinorvm petit, primvm regvlis Latinis hodiernis, qvae lingvae principalis svnt, deinde regvlis alterivs traditionis: Anglicis pro prioribvs, classicis pro posterioribvs.

Codex LaTeX
\documentclass{article}\usepackage{fontspec}\usepackage[classicallatin, english, latin]{babel}\begin{document}\showhyphens{understanding knowledge}\foreignlanguage{english}{\showhyphens{understanding knowledge}}\showhyphens{nostrum conscientia}\foreignlanguage{classicallatin}{\showhyphens{nostrum conscientia}}\end{document}

Acta pro qvoqve versv monitionem de capsa ostendvnt (innoxiam: \showhyphens verba in versv latissimo componit vt ea examinet), qvam seqvvntvr verba cvm divisionibvs svis.

Commentarivs compilationis
Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 5--5[] \TU/lmr/m/n/10 un-der-stan-ding know-led-ge​Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 6--6[] \TU/lmr/m/n/10 un-der-stand-ing knowl-edge​Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 7--7[] \TU/lmr/m/n/10 no-strum con-scien-tia​Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 8--8[] \TU/lmr/m/n/10 nos-trum con-scien-tia

Regvlis Latinis verba Anglica in syllabas Latinas dividvntvr, et divisio vt know-led-ge in textv Anglico vitivm manifestvm esset; regvlis Anglicis divisiones compositionem verborvm servant. In verbis Latinis dvae traditiones apparent: versvs 7 hodiernam seqvitvr, qvae s cvm consonante seqvente conivngit; versvs 8 classicam, qvam mvltae editiones avctorvm antiqvorvm seqvvntvr, praesertim in terris Germanicis, et qvam babel per lingvam classicallatin vel per \babelprovide[hyphenrules=classiclatin]{latin} praebet.

Signa citationis Latina

Editiones Latinae hodiernae plervmqve signa angvlaria, «…», in primo gradv adhibent, et intra ea signa dvplicia, “…”; alii editores signa dvplicia praefervnt. Babel Latinvm compendia pro signis angvlaribvs definit: "< signvm angvlare aperit et "> clavdit. Haec compendia signa pro gradv non alternant: signa interiora avctor ipse scribit, gradvi svo convenientia.

ExemplvmTres gradvs signorvm citationis
Codex LaTeX
"<Magister dixit: ``repetite `anamnesin' clara voce''.">​``Signa Anglica'' et `simplicia', calamo scripta.
Exitvs
Exitvs

Secvndvs versvs formam classicam LaTeX ostendit, qvae a lingva non pendet: dvo accentvs graves signa dvplicia aperivnt et dvo apostrophi ea clavdvnt; singvli simplicia reddvnt. Primvs versvs vtrvmqve conivngit: compendivm Latinvm in gradv exteriore, formam classicam in interioribvs.

Distingvendvm tamen est compendivm a re fortvita. Typvs, per fontspec cvm proprietate ligatvrarvm TeX onvstvs qvae infra videbitvr, dvo signa < continva sva sponte in signvm angvlare convertit, in qvavis lingva; compendivm "< contra in iis tantvm lingvis exstat qvarvm babel id definit, vt Latina, Germanica, Lvsitana. Nevtrvm signa pro gradv alternat: id solvm babel Hispanicvm facit, cvivs compendia << et >> versvm <<a <<b>> c>> vt «a “b” c» componvnt, cvm in lingva Latina idem versvs tria paria signorvm angvlarivm, alivd intra alivd, imprimat. Lectio de notis, citationibvs et versibvs citationes accvrativs tractabit.