{"id":35727,"date":"2021-09-30T13:00:40","date_gmt":"2021-09-30T13:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/?p=35727"},"modified":"2025-12-29T03:24:16","modified_gmt":"2025-12-29T03:24:16","slug":"%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%ab%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b8-%e0%a4%94%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%b8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/hi\/%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%ab%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b8-%e0%a4%94%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%b8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\np, ul, ol{\ntext-align: justify;\n}\nh1{\ntext-align:center;\ntext-transform: uppercase;\n}\nh2{\ntext-align:center;\ntext-transform: uppercase;\nfont-size:24pt;\n}\nh3 { \n    text-align: center;\n    text-transform: uppercase;\n    font-size: 24px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<h1>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/h1>\n<p>\n\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u092c \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u092c \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u201c\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u201d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0902\u0917\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0905\u0928\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0915\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0942\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f, \u0906\u092a \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u092e \u091a\u0930\u0923, \u0915\u092e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u092a \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0906\u092a \u201c\u092e\u0941\u091d\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u201d \u0938\u0947 \u201c\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0901\u201d \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u092a \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b, \u091c\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092c \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><b>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f, \u092c\u0947\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0915\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0915\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a, \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0947\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947, \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0915\u0940, \u0915\u0942\u0932\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092c \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0915\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947, \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0915\u092c \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092c \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0926-\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><b><u>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/u>:<\/b><br \/>\n<a href=\"#1\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#2\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#3\">\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#4\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#5\">\u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#6\">\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#7\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#8\">\u092c\u0947\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p><center><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/b96XremJiKQ\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center><br \/>\n<a name=\"1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=b96XremJiKQ&amp;t=128s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0905\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u092f\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\vec{E}(\\vec{r}) = \\int_V d\\vec{E}(\\vec{r})= \\int_V \\frac{\\rho(\\vec{r}^\\prime)}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0}\\frac{\\vec{r}-\\vec{r}^\\prime}{\\|\\vec{r}-\\vec{r}^\\prime\\|^3}dV<\/span>\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\rho(\\vec{r}^\\prime)<\/span><\/span> \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u094b \u0939\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\rho<\/span> \u0915\u094b <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\sigma<\/span> \u092f\u093e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\lambda<\/span> \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947, \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0939\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0939\u092e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0932 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u092e \u092a\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0915\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u0938\u0926\u093f\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=b96XremJiKQ&amp;t=235s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0938\u0926\u093f\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0939\u092e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u091c \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964 \u092e\u0948\u0902 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0901\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902: \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\vec{E}(\\vec{r}) = \\frac{1}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0}\\frac{q}{\\|\\vec{r}\\|^2}\\hat{r}<\/span>\n<p>\u092f\u0939 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u00ab\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094b\u0902\u00bb \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEhlkOkwoYFrKYwfidmawFFb60AlBumv8u2irJnN87xYJnTfY7h2U1HL3Hzfh7kQZHhyctM7r70IfEXZkh0faUjZrGr3H_h6xrjeED-GqV39v_t2OzPD0zD9sjlm9t_twIEuaJcte9qhEGIKH3Bzn7a_AZ1rCh53DFunFLiXm09JalAMYQNAjKjv3oOosA\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" alt=\"Campo el\u00e9ctrico de una carga puntual en forma de vectores\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEhlkOkwoYFrKYwfidmawFFb60AlBumv8u2irJnN87xYJnTfY7h2U1HL3Hzfh7kQZHhyctM7r70IfEXZkh0faUjZrGr3H_h6xrjeED-GqV39v_t2OzPD0zD9sjlm9t_twIEuaJcte9qhEGIKH3Bzn7a_AZ1rCh53DFunFLiXm09JalAMYQNAjKjv3oOosA\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" alt=\"Campo el\u00e9ctrico de una carga puntual en forma de vectores\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p>\u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0938\u0926\u093f\u0936 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u0948: \u0924\u0940\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u00ab\u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e\u00bb \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u00ab\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935\u00bb \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEgebGCEuU6Akvc8M-p8m0FjK-a1AGtq4H7A2fAuy1r6M08uAnWQRYJfHIRtcRAvGt3CQZHCI7EwCHv3os55aZpef1KDTHFDiS2Sf8nvyXH_ctiildMSeSK-suC7al5kbGmFReywKsEJh1GVsHDtTqRShAyiJZFQER2fKav4wOcn9z8q7zjmjk3T07UHTQ\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEgebGCEuU6Akvc8M-p8m0FjK-a1AGtq4H7A2fAuy1r6M08uAnWQRYJfHIRtcRAvGt3CQZHCI7EwCHv3os55aZpef1KDTHFDiS2Sf8nvyXH_ctiildMSeSK-suC7al5kbGmFReywKsEJh1GVsHDtTqRShAyiJZFQER2fKav4wOcn9z8q7zjmjk3T07UHTQ\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><br \/>\n<a name=\"3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/h3>\n<p>\u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0924\u092c \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u091c\u092c \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932 (2D) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 2D \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0939\u092e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">r<\/span> \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\frac{n}{2\\pi r}<\/span>\n<p>\u092f\u0939 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">r<\/span> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">r^2<\/span><\/span> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f, \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0939\u092e \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 (\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939), \u0924\u094b \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u094b\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\frac{n}{4\\pi r^2}<\/span>\n<p>\u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">r^2<\/span><\/span> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 2 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 3 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e: \u0939\u092e 2D \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u092e 3D \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=b96XremJiKQ&amp;t=665s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u091c\u092c \u0939\u092e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">S<\/span> \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vec{E}<\/span><\/span> \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Phi_{\\vec{E},S} =\\displaystyle \\int_S \\vec{E}\\cdot d\\vec{S}<\/span>\n<p>\u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u201c\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u201d \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u091c \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e (\u092f\u093e \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935) \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0939\u092e \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0924\u0939 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">S<\/span> \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0926\u093f\u0936 \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"5\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=b96XremJiKQ&amp;t=758s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0918\u0947\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0918\u093f\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902:<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEgGcCL8WVnhwXmxDkhsW5W31AyJiEsJDsVZZDNm1kQ-MREYYaaBvYb7CBkGSCkfPgiNbDGFP-R4LHr_9pH6ijy0Ji7m1VgzO2pjJwjFDOqAd61VGMJfb4CDfmGyn9uacon7VcpXlB9cd7ZltDUEc3fhDQ86PuKqQb7kN-JuNgGxInlRKiyY91nU2zHfIg\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" alt=\"Flujo el\u00e9ctrico en una superficie cerrada\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEgGcCL8WVnhwXmxDkhsW5W31AyJiEsJDsVZZDNm1kQ-MREYYaaBvYb7CBkGSCkfPgiNbDGFP-R4LHr_9pH6ijy0Ji7m1VgzO2pjJwjFDOqAd61VGMJfb4CDfmGyn9uacon7VcpXlB9cd7ZltDUEc3fhDQ86PuKqQb7kN-JuNgGxInlRKiyY91nU2zHfIg\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" alt=\"Flujo el\u00e9ctrico en una superficie cerrada\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p>\u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n\\displaystyle \\oint_S \\vec{E}\\cdot d\\vec{S} &amp;= \\displaystyle \\oint_S \\left(\\frac{1}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0} \\frac{q_{enc}}{\\|\\vec{r}\\|^2}\\hat{r} \\right)\\cdot d\\vec{S} \\\\ \\\\\n\n&amp; = \\displaystyle \\frac{q_{enc}}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0} \\oint_S \\frac{\\hat{r}}{\\|\\vec{r}\\|^2}\\cdot d\\vec{S} \\\\ \\\\\n\n&amp; = \\displaystyle \\frac{q_{enc}}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0} \\underbrace{\\oint_S d{\\Omega}}_{= 4\\pi} = \\frac{q_{enc}}{\\epsilon_0}\n\n\\end{array}\n\n<\/span>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEjLQhqvLJZMuQHfXHj_WYfbajP9PYwVdNgs4eVflg_jQAJSFu5czNfBgMBTWOWXCE5Tx3-DYwrs8eNpOuJoflvQYbUwpl3BG4BaZxJdnJirqRPsbZM00TfnzyGQvuAimfenB3GUYnEJdZDh2xiXWX5ftu0bN-UYH3G4rydnrnBqEpKDNnNXgdpi5EP81w\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEjLQhqvLJZMuQHfXHj_WYfbajP9PYwVdNgs4eVflg_jQAJSFu5czNfBgMBTWOWXCE5Tx3-DYwrs8eNpOuJoflvQYbUwpl3BG4BaZxJdnJirqRPsbZM00TfnzyGQvuAimfenB3GUYnEJdZDh2xiXWX5ftu0bN-UYH3G4rydnrnBqEpKDNnNXgdpi5EP81w\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle\\color{blue}{\\oint_S \\vec{E}\\cdot d\\vec{S} = \\frac{q_{enc}}{\\epsilon_0}}<\/span>\n<p>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0915\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0918\u093f\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u201c\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0915\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u201d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0915\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u093f\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0947\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<div style=\"background-color: #c0ffc0; padding: 20px;\">\n<h4>\u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0947\u092f<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=b96XremJiKQ&amp;t=1007s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u092f\u0926\u093f <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vec{F}<\/span><\/span> \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0926\u093f\u0936 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0914\u0930 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">S<\/span> \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">V<\/span> \u0915\u094b \u0918\u0947\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\oint_S\\vec{F}\\cdot d\\vec{S} = \\int_V (\\vec{\\nabla}\\cdot \\vec{F})dV<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=b96XremJiKQ&amp;t=1055s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0947\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0930, \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0938\u0924\u0939 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">S<\/span> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\oint_S\\vec{E}\\cdot d\\vec{S} = \\int_V (\\vec{\\nabla}\\cdot\\vec{E})dV = \\frac{q_{enc}}{\\epsilon_0}<\/span>\n<p>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0913\u0930, \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\frac{q_{enc}}{\\epsilon_0} = \\int_V \\frac{\\rho}{\\epsilon_0} dV<\/span>\n<p>\u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0926\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\color{blue}{\\vec{\\nabla}\\cdot\\vec{E} = \\frac{\\rho}{\\epsilon_0}}<\/span>\n<p>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0915\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0905\u092c \u0939\u092e \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0915\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0939\u0926 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"6\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/h2>\n<p><center><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/04itEuVNDN4\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">R<\/span> \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">z<\/span> \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u093e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\sigma<\/span> \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902: \u091c\u092c <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">z\\lt R<\/span><\/span>, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u092c <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">z\\geq R<\/span><\/span>\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u092c \u090f\u0915 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0917\u094b\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u093e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\rho<\/span> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\|\\vec{E}\\|<\/span><\/span> \u0915\u093e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">z<\/span> \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093c \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0907\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">r<\/span> \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vec{E}=kr^2\\hat{r}<\/span><\/span> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">k<\/span> \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u093e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\rho<\/span> \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a name=\"7\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/h3>\n<p><center><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6eMaax9orAo\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6eMaax9orAo&amp;t=122s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/a>, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092f\u0926\u093f <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\rho<\/span> \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e, \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940, \u092f\u093e \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940, \u0924\u092c \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">q_{enc}\/\\epsilon_0<\/span><\/span> \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928 \u0924\u094b \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">d\\vec{S}<\/span><\/span> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e; \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0939\u092e <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\|\\vec{E}\\|<\/span><\/span> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0939\u092e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f:<\/strong> \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0947\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f:<\/strong> \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0939-\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f:<\/strong> \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a name=\"8\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u092c\u0947\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6eMaax9orAo&amp;t=630s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0947\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0902\u0924 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e, \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e, \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">R<\/span> \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u093e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\rho<\/span> \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\rho(r) = \\left\\{\\begin{array}{lll}\n\nkr &amp; ; &amp; r\\lt R \\\\ \\\\\n\n0 &amp; ; &amp; R\\lt r \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\end{array}\\right.<\/span>\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">k<\/span> \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6eMaax9orAo&amp;t=1895s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u093e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\sigma<\/span> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u092c \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u092c \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u201c\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u201d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0902\u0917\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0905\u0928\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0915\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0942\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f, \u0906\u092a \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":35708,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":1,"footnotes":""},"categories":[643,718],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35727","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-643","category-718"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e - toposuranos.com\/material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u201c\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u201d \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0918\u093f\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u222eE\u00b7dA = Qenc\/\u03b50\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/hi\/\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u0914\u0930-\u0917\u093e\u0909\u0938-\u0915\u093e\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 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