{"id":30652,"date":"2021-04-22T13:00:18","date_gmt":"2021-04-22T13:00:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/?p=30652"},"modified":"2024-12-31T19:01:15","modified_gmt":"2024-12-31T19:01:15","slug":"%e0%a4%8a%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%a7%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/hi\/%e0%a4%8a%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%a7%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be\/","title":{"rendered":"\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\n    p, ul, ol {\n        text-align: justify;\n    }\n    h1, h2 {\n        text-align: center;\n    }\n<\/style>\n<h1>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u091a\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u092c \u0906\u092a \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948? <strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e, \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092d\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940, \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u0932\u0930 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong><u>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/u>:<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"#1\">\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#2\">\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#3\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p><center><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/JkDcmM8CMv0\" title=\"YouTube \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/h2>\n<p>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u00ab\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924\u00bb \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094b 5 \u0932\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u00ab\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u00bb \u092f\u093e \u00ab\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e\u00bb \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092f\u0939 \u0917\u0932\u0924\u092b\u0939\u092e\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092c \u0939\u092e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u091c, \u0939\u092e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0939 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0947, \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092d\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u00ab\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e\u00bb \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0932\u0917 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0915\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940, \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0938 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Delta T<\/span> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0939\u0948?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=JkDcmM8CMv0&amp;t=184s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/strong><\/a> \u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">dQ = CdT,<\/span> \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">C<\/span> \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">C:= \\dfrac{dQ}{dT}.<\/span>\n<p>\u092f\u0939 \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948)\u0964 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">[J\/K]<\/span> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/h3>\n<p>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=JkDcmM8CMv0&amp;t=250s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n        <strong>\u091c\u092c \u0939\u092e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902,<\/strong><br \/>\n    <\/a><br \/>\n    \u0924\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a, \u091c\u094b \u0939\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">c := \\dfrac{C}{m}<\/span>\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">m<\/span> \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0939\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u094b\u0932\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094b\u0932\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">c_{mol} := c \\cdot m_{mol}<\/span>\n<p>\u092f\u0939 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h4>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/h4>\n<p>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=JkDcmM8CMv0&amp;t=301s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n        <strong>\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/strong><br \/>\n    <\/a><br \/>\n    \u0915\u092e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 (<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">26^\\circ C<\/span>) \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">c = 4.181 \\cdot 10^3 \\left[\\dfrac{J}{kg \\cdot K}\\right]<\/span>\n<p>\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>a) <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">2 \\, [kg]<\/span> \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">14^\\circ C<\/span> \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>b) <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">3 \\, [L]<\/span> \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>c) \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u0932\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=JkDcmM8CMv0&amp;t=706s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>\u091c\u092c \u0939\u092e \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094b\u091a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902,<\/strong><\/a> \u0924\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0939\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u093e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1[K]<\/span> \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50px;\">(1)<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0921\u093f\u092c\u094d\u092c\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u00ab\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u00bb \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50px;\">(2)<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0932 \u092a\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u092a\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u00ab\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0930\u00bb \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0939\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/strong> \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0930 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">C_V<\/span> \u0914\u0930 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">C_P<\/span>\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">C_V = \\left(\\dfrac{\\partial Q}{\\partial T}\\right)_V<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">C_P = \\left(\\dfrac{\\partial Q}{\\partial T}\\right)_P<\/span>\n<h4>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=JkDcmM8CMv0&amp;t=887s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>\u0939\u0940\u0932\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/a> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">3.12\\left[\\dfrac{kJ}{kg \\cdot K}\\right],<\/span> \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0930 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">5.19\\left[\\dfrac{kJ}{kg \\cdot K}\\right].<\/span> \u092e\u094b\u0932\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938:<\/h2>\n<p><center><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/-LyA5Alrb8A\" title=\"YouTube \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">10^{21}[kg]<\/span> \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-LyA5Alrb8A&amp;t=42s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>[\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928]<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">13[TW]<\/span> (\u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948) (<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1TW=10^{12}[W]<\/span>) \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u0928 \u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">42[GJ]<\/span> (<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1[GJ]=10^9[J]<\/span>) \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0930\u0932 \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947? <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-LyA5Alrb8A&amp;t=169s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>[\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928]<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u0938\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u0932\u0930 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">25.4\\left[\\dfrac{J}{mol \\cdot K}\\right].<\/span> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">19.3\\cdot 10^3 \\left[\\frac{kg}{m^3}\\right].<\/span> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-LyA5Alrb8A&amp;t=375s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>[\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928]<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u0926\u094b \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">C_1<\/span> \u0914\u0930 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">C_2<\/span> (\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940) \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T_1<\/span> \u0914\u0930 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T_2<\/span> \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T_f<\/span> \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948:\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T_f = \\dfrac{C_1 T_1 + C_2 T_2}{C_1 + C_2}<\/span>\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">C_1<\/span> <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">C_2<\/span> \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902:<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T_f \\approx T_1 + \\dfrac{C_2}{C_1}(T_2 - T_1)<\/span>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-LyA5Alrb8A&amp;t=726s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>[\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928]<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u091a\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u092c \u0906\u092a \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948? \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e, \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092d\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30645,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":5,"footnotes":""},"categories":[927,643],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30652","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-927","category-643"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e - toposuranos.com\/material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948? \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0947\u0902\u0964\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/hi\/\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 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