{"id":30595,"date":"2021-04-07T13:00:25","date_gmt":"2021-04-07T13:00:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/?p=30595"},"modified":"2024-12-30T19:42:21","modified_gmt":"2024-12-30T19:42:21","slug":"the-intuitive-idea-of-heat-and-temperature","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/en\/the-intuitive-idea-of-heat-and-temperature\/","title":{"rendered":"The Intuitive Idea of Heat and Temperature"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\n\tp, ul, ol {\n\t\ttext-align: justify;\n\t}\n\th1, h2 {\n\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t}\n<\/style>\n<h1>The Intuitive Idea of Heat and Temperature<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>The heat of coffee, the cold of an ice cube, and the functioning of a refrigerator share a key concept: heat and its relationship with temperature. In this class, let&#8217;s explore how thermodynamics connects the intuitive with the scientific, through practical experiments and everyday applications that will help you understand thermal energy flow, natural heat patterns, and how it can be reversed in systems like refrigerators. With clear examples and practical calculations, this content will transform your perception of heat and its impact on our daily lives.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Learning Objectives:<\/strong><br \/>\nBy the end of this class, students will be able to:\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Understand<\/strong> the thermodynamic notion of heat as \u00abthermal energy in transit.\u00bb<\/li>\n<li><strong>Identify<\/strong> the natural direction of heat flow from a hot body to a cold one.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Analyze<\/strong> how heat flow can be reversed under certain circumstances, such as in a refrigerator.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Experience<\/strong> intuitive phenomena related to heat and temperature, such as the three-bucket experiment.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Distinguish<\/strong> the thermal perception differences between materials with different conductivities, like metal and wood.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Apply<\/strong> thermodynamic concepts to calculate energy transformed into heat in practical situations.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><u>TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/u>:<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"#1\"><strong>Experiments That Help Us Understand the Concept of Heat<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"#1\">The Three-Bucket Experiment<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#2\">Contact with Wood and Metal<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#3\"><strong>Thermodynamic Notion of Heat<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#4\">In thermodynamics, there is a \u00abnatural direction\u00bb for heat flow<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#5\">In thermodynamics, heat is a magnitude in transit<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p><center><br \/>\n<iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5eH0BxL9Phc\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<p>To understand the <a href=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/category\/ciencias\/fisica\/termodinamica\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">thermodynamic<\/a> notion of heat, it is convenient to first approach the intuitive, and then move to something more formal. When we hold a jar of coffee or wash our face in the morning, we experience a sensation associated with cold or heat. But what does this thermal sensation mean? It turns out that it is not just a measure of temperature, but rather a combination of various data simultaneously.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Experiments That Help Us Understand the Concept of Heat<\/h2>\n<p><a name=\"2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>The Three-Bucket Experiment<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5eH0BxL9Phc&amp;t=126s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Take three buckets, one with cold water and another with hot water<\/strong><\/a>, and a third with equal parts of the previous two. This last bucket will consequently have water at an intermediate temperature compared to the first two; it will be lukewarm. Place one hand in the bucket with hot water and the other in the cold water bucket. Wait a few seconds, and then place both hands in the lukewarm water bucket. The hand that was in the hot water will feel cold, and the hand that was in the cold water will feel warm.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-pNGnAqtyOZU\/YGu2cEBoAxI\/AAAAAAAAE1g\/rtSbk5OVTPwc1ZgNb-aYiv_AFuH9aHi9wCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/tresbaldes.PNG\" alt=\"thermal sensation, three-bucket experiment\" class=\"aligncenter lazyload\" width=\"347\" height=\"299\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-pNGnAqtyOZU\/YGu2cEBoAxI\/AAAAAAAAE1g\/rtSbk5OVTPwc1ZgNb-aYiv_AFuH9aHi9wCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/tresbaldes.PNG\" alt=\"thermal sensation, three-bucket experiment\" class=\"aligncenter lazyload\" width=\"347\" height=\"299\" \/><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p>Why does this happen? The thermal sensation of our skin not only refers to a measure of temperature but also to temperature differences (relative to ours). We feel warm when something is at a higher temperature, and cold when it is at a lower temperature.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Contact with Wood and Metal<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5eH0BxL9Phc&amp;t=263s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>The previous experiment can be repeated with a variant: <\/strong><\/a>place a metal spoon and a wooden spoon in the hot water bucket for a few minutes, then remove them and touch them. You will notice that the metal spoon feels much hotter than the wooden one. Why is this? Both are at the same temperature, but metal is a much better conductor of heat than wood, which is why it feels \u00abhotter.\u00bb<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Thermodynamic Notion of Heat<\/h2>\n<p>In physics, when we talk about heat, we actually refer to <strong>\u00abthermal energy in transit.\u00bb<\/strong> Of course, for this to be acceptable as a definition, we must clarify what \u00abthermal energy\u00bb is in the first place, but we will leave that for later. For now, we will intuitively understand thermal energy as a form of energy proportional to temperature. And what is temperature? We will also leave that for later. For now, we will focus on the fact that heat is a certain energy flow that satisfies some qualities:<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"5\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>In thermodynamics, there is a \u00abnatural direction\u00bb for heat flow<\/h3>\n<p>Experiments suggest that heat spontaneously transfers from a hot body to a colder one when they come into contact, and never in the opposite direction. <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-2cnJfH2CmQE\/YGvMP9X4LRI\/AAAAAAAAE1w\/fD-TjYeDVU8w-LaL7tV42po4exOXMkWPgCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/flujo%2Bde%2Bcalor.PNG\" alt=\"natural heat flow\" class=\"aligncenter lazyload\" title=\"Thermodynamics, natural heat flow\" width=\"415\" height=\"175\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-2cnJfH2CmQE\/YGvMP9X4LRI\/AAAAAAAAE1w\/fD-TjYeDVU8w-LaL7tV42po4exOXMkWPgCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/flujo%2Bde%2Bcalor.PNG\" alt=\"natural heat flow\" class=\"aligncenter lazyload\" title=\"Thermodynamics, natural heat flow\" width=\"415\" height=\"175\" \/><\/noscript>However, under certain circumstances, it can occur in the reverse direction, as in refrigerators; of course, this is achieved at a cost: energy needs to be supplied to the refrigerator to achieve this effect. This example shows that it is possible to reverse \u00abnatural heat flow,\u00bb but only if the price is paid with energy.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-BxNquv1sQOU\/YGvNR5C35lI\/AAAAAAAAE14\/oVXwk3GnrT4Ea-N4cX-WYznE9fPx-7S0wCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/flujo%2Bde%2Bcalor%2Bmaquina%2Bfrigorifica%2B.PNG\" alt=\"reverse heat flow, energy expenditure\" class=\"aligncenter lazyload\" title=\"Thermodynamics, energy expenditure to redirect natural heat flow\" width=\"448\" height=\"335\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-BxNquv1sQOU\/YGvNR5C35lI\/AAAAAAAAE14\/oVXwk3GnrT4Ea-N4cX-WYznE9fPx-7S0wCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/flujo%2Bde%2Bcalor%2Bmaquina%2Bfrigorifica%2B.PNG\" alt=\"reverse heat flow, energy expenditure\" class=\"aligncenter lazyload\" title=\"Thermodynamics, energy expenditure to redirect natural heat flow\" width=\"448\" height=\"335\" \/><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"6\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>In thermodynamics, heat is a magnitude in transit<\/h3>\n<p>The expression \u00abin transit\u00bb that appears when trying to define heat is important. Although we can \u00abadd\u00bb heat to a given object, we cannot say that a certain object \u00abhas heat,\u00bb as if we were talking about a jar containing a certain amount of water or a battery storing a certain amount of electrical energy. There is no \u00abmeter\u00bb to indicate \u00abhow much heat a certain object has\u00bb because heat only makes sense when it is \u00abin transit.\u00bb Something similar happens with work. We can perform work on a certain object, consequently changing its state in some way, but we cannot say we have stored work in the system. Instead, we say that while certain work was performed, the state of the system changed, and similarly, this occurs with heat.<\/p>\n<h4>Example<\/h4>\n<p>An electric kettle of 1[kW] has been turned on for 5 minutes. How much energy has been transformed into heat?<\/p>\n<p>The energy transformed into heat will be:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">E=1[kW] \\cdot 5[min]= 1000 \\left[\\dfrac{J}{s}\\right] \\cdot 5 \\left[60 [s] \\right] = 30.000[J] <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Intuitive Idea of Heat and Temperature The heat of coffee, the cold of an ice cube, and the functioning of a refrigerator share a key concept: heat and its relationship with temperature. In this class, let&#8217;s explore how thermodynamics connects the intuitive with the scientific, through practical experiments and everyday applications that will help [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30592,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":4,"footnotes":""},"categories":[635,919],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30595","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-physics","category-thermodynamics"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Intuitive Idea of Heat and Temperature - toposuranos.com\/material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover how heat and temperature explain everyday phenomena and their connection to thermodynamics. 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