{"id":30078,"date":"2021-03-10T13:00:40","date_gmt":"2021-03-10T13:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/?p=30078"},"modified":"2025-10-20T07:29:53","modified_gmt":"2025-10-20T07:29:53","slug":"%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/ar\/%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\np, ul, ol{\n  text-align: justify;\n}\nh1{\n  text-align:center;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n}\nh2{\n  text-align:center;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n  font-size:24pt;\n}\nh3 { \n  text-align: center;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n  font-size: 24px !important;\n}\n.example{\n  background:#f6f8fa; \n  border-left:4px solid #d00000; \n  padding:12px 14px; \n  margin:14px 0;\n}\n.small{\n  font-size: 0.95em;\n  color:#333;\n}\n<\/style>\n<h1>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u061f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"rtl\"><b>\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/b><br \/>\n\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\">\n<li><b>\u0634\u0631\u062d<\/b> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0640\u0644\u2013\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632\u060c \u062c\u0627\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0643) \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 (<span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">PV = nRT<\/span><\/span>\u060c <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">PV = N k_B T<\/span><\/span>).<\/li>\n<li><b>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/b> \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">PV\/T = cte<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/b> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a <i>P\u2013V<\/i>\u060c <i>V\u2013T<\/i> \u0648<i>P\u2013T<\/i>.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632<\/b> \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 (\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"rtl\">\n<b>\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/b><br \/>\n<a href=\"#1\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#2\">\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#3\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#4\">\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#5\">\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#6\">\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p><center><br \/>\n <iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7WkrH_FS290?si=xWJQ-VAtbWgzm9bQ\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><br \/>\n<\/center><br \/>\n<a name=\"1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">P<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">V<\/span> \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T<\/span>. \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064d \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\">\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0644\u2013\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0648\u062a (\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629):<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a:\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">P \\propto \\dfrac{1}{V}\\quad\\Leftrightarrow\\quad PV=\\text{cte.}<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"example\" dir=\"rtl\">\n  <strong>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">P_1 = 15\\ \\mathrm{MPa}<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">V_1 = 1{,}00\\ \\mathrm{L}<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">V_2 = 2{,}00\\ \\mathrm{L}<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641. \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">PV=\\text{cte.}<\/span><\/span> \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">P_1 V_1 = P_2 V_2<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n  P_2 = \\dfrac{P_1 V_1}{V_2}\n\n      = 15\\ \\mathrm{MPa}\\left(\\dfrac{1{,}00\\ \\mathrm{L}}{2{,}00\\ \\mathrm{L}}\\right)\n\n      = 7{,}50\\ \\mathrm{MPa}\n\n  <\/span>\n<p>  <center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/pv-isotermico.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 PV \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\" width=\"480\" height=\"293\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-34975 lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/pv-isotermico.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 PV \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\" width=\"480\" height=\"293\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-34975 lazyload\" srcset=\"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/pv-isotermico.jpg 480w, https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/pv-isotermico-300x183.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><\/noscript><\/center>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 (\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637):<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a:\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">V \\propto T \\quad\\Leftrightarrow\\quad \\dfrac{V}{T}=\\text{cte.}<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"example\" dir=\"rtl\">\n  <strong>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T_1 = 300\\ \\mathrm{K}<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062e\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T_2 = 450\\ \\mathrm{K}<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">V_1 = 2{,}00\\ \\mathrm{L}<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 50&nbsp;% (\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\tfrac{3}{2}<\/span><\/span>). \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\tfrac{V}{T}=\\text{cte.}<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\dfrac{V_1}{T_1}=\\dfrac{V_2}{T_2}<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n  V_2 = V_1 \\cdot \\dfrac{T_2}{T_1}\n\n      = 2{,}00\\ \\mathrm{L}\\left(\\dfrac{450\\ \\mathrm{K}}{300\\ \\mathrm{K}}\\right)\n\n      = 3{,}00\\ \\mathrm{L}\n\n  <\/span>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/isobara-proc.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"298\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-34984 lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/isobara-proc.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"298\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-34984 lazyload\" srcset=\"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/isobara-proc.jpg 480w, https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/isobara-proc-300x186.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u064a-\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0643 (\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645):<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a:\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">P \\propto T \\quad\\Leftrightarrow\\quad \\dfrac{P}{T}=\\text{cte.}<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"example\" dir=\"rtl\">\n  <strong>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T_1 = 300\\ \\mathrm{K}<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062e\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T_2 = 450\\ \\mathrm{K}<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">P_1 = 1{,}00\\ \\mathrm{MPa}<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\tfrac{P}{T}=\\text{cte.}<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\dfrac{P_1}{T_1}=\\dfrac{P_2}{T_2}<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n  P_2 = P_1 \\cdot \\dfrac{T_2}{T_1}\n\n      = 1{,}00\\ \\mathrm{MPa}\\left(\\dfrac{450\\ \\mathrm{K}}{300\\ \\mathrm{K}}\\right)\n\n      = 1{,}50\\ \\mathrm{MPa}\n\n  <\/span>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/icororico-proc.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"291\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-34987 lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/icororico-proc.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"291\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-34987 lazyload\" srcset=\"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/icororico-proc.jpg 480w, https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/icororico-proc-300x182.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><\/noscript><\/center>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a name=\"2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">PV \\propto T<\/span>\n<p>\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">N<\/span> \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">k_B = 1{,}380\\,649\\times10^{-23}\\ \\mathrm{J\\,K^{-1}}<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\boxed{PV = N\\,k_B\\,T}<\/span>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">R=8{,}314\\,462\\,6\\ \\mathrm{J\\,mol^{-1}\\,K^{-1}}=0{,}082\\,057\\ \\mathrm{L\\,atm\\,mol^{-1}\\,K^{-1}}<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\boxed{PV = n\\,R\\,T}<\/span>\n<p>\u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">PV<\/span> \u0648 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T<\/span>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(P_\\alpha, V_\\alpha, T_\\alpha)<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(P_\\omega, V_\\omega, T_\\omega)<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\dfrac{P_\\alpha V_\\alpha}{T_\\alpha} =  \\dfrac{P_\\omega V_\\omega}{T_\\omega}<\/span>\n<p> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">PV\/T = cte.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0640\u0644-\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u064a-\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0643. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0637\u0631\u0642:<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\">\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 <b>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/b> \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 <b>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/b> \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 <b>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/b> \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(P_i,V_i,T_i)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(P_\\alpha,V_\\alpha,T_\\alpha)<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(P_i,V_i,T_i)<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(P_\\omega,V_\\omega,T_\\omega)<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\begin{array}{rclcl}\n\n &amp; P_\\alpha V_\\alpha= P_i V_i &amp; &amp; V_i\/T_i = V_\\omega\/T_\\omega   &amp; \\\\\n\n &amp;\\text{\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629}&amp; &amp;\\text{\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637} &amp; \\\\\n\nP_\\alpha &amp; \\longrightarrow &amp; P_i = \\dfrac{P_\\alpha V_\\alpha}{V_i}  &amp; \\longrightarrow &amp; P_\\omega = P_i \\\\ \\\\\n\nV_\\alpha &amp; \\longrightarrow &amp; V_i = \\dfrac{P_\\alpha V_\\alpha}{P_i} &amp; \\longrightarrow &amp; V_\\omega = \\dfrac{V_i T_\\omega}{T_i} \\\\ \\\\\n\nT_\\alpha &amp; \\longrightarrow &amp; T_i = T_\\alpha &amp; \\longrightarrow &amp; T_\\omega = \\dfrac{V_\\omega T_i}{V_i}\n\n\\end{array}\n\n<\/span>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n&amp; V_\\omega = \\left(\\dfrac{T_\\omega}{T_i}\\right) V_i = \\left(\\dfrac{T_\\omega}{T_i}\\right) \\left(\\dfrac{P_\\alpha}{P_i} \\right) V_\\alpha = \\dfrac{T_\\omega P_\\alpha V_\\alpha}{T_\\alpha P_\\omega} \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; \\dfrac{P_\\alpha V_\\alpha}{T_\\alpha} = \\dfrac{P_\\omega V_\\omega}{T_\\omega}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(P_\\alpha,V_\\alpha,T_\\alpha)<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(P_i,V_i,T_i)<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(P_\\omega,V_\\omega,T_\\omega)<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\begin{array}{rclcl}\n\n &amp; P_\\alpha V_\\alpha= P_i V_i &amp; &amp; P_i\/T_i = P_\\omega\/T_\\omega   &amp; \\\\\n\n &amp;\\text{\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629}&amp; &amp;\\text{\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645} &amp; \\\\\n\nP_\\alpha &amp; \\longrightarrow &amp; P_i = \\dfrac{P_\\alpha V_\\alpha}{V_i}  &amp; \\longrightarrow &amp; P_\\omega = \\dfrac{P_i T_\\omega}{T_i} \\\\ \\\\\n\nV_\\alpha &amp; \\longrightarrow &amp; V_i = \\dfrac{P_\\alpha V_\\alpha}{P_i} &amp; \\longrightarrow &amp; V_\\omega = V_i \\\\ \\\\\n\nT_\\alpha &amp; \\longrightarrow &amp; T_i = T_\\alpha &amp; \\longrightarrow &amp; T_\\omega = \\dfrac{V_\\omega T_i}{V_i}\n\n\\end{array}\n\n<\/span>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n &amp; P_\\omega = \\left(\\dfrac{T_\\omega}{T_i}\\right) P_i = \\left(\\dfrac{T_\\omega}{T_i}\\right) \\left(\\dfrac{V_\\alpha}{V_i}\\right)P_\\alpha = \\dfrac{T_\\omega V_\\alpha P_\\alpha}{T_\\alpha V_\\omega} \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; \\dfrac{P_\\alpha V_\\alpha}{T_\\alpha} = \\dfrac{P_\\omega V_\\omega}{T_\\omega}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(P_\\alpha,V_\\alpha,T_\\alpha)<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(P_i,V_i,T_i)<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(P_\\omega,V_\\omega,T_\\omega)<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\begin{array}{rclcl}\n\n &amp; V_\\alpha\/ T_\\alpha= V_i \/ T_i &amp; &amp; P_i\/T_i = P_\\omega\/T_\\omega   &amp; \\\\\n\n &amp;\\text{\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637}&amp; &amp;\\text{\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645} &amp; \\\\\n\nP_\\alpha &amp; \\longrightarrow &amp; P_i = P_\\alpha  &amp; \\longrightarrow &amp; P_\\omega = \\dfrac{P_i T_\\omega}{T_i} \\\\ \\\\\n\nV_\\alpha &amp; \\longrightarrow &amp; V_i = \\dfrac{V_\\alpha T_i}{T_\\alpha} &amp; \\longrightarrow &amp; V_\\omega = V_i \\\\ \\\\\n\nT_\\alpha &amp; \\longrightarrow &amp; T_i = \\dfrac{V_i T_\\alpha}{V_\\alpha} &amp; \\longrightarrow &amp; T_\\omega = \\dfrac{P_\\omega T_i}{P_i}\n\n\\end{array}\n\n<\/span>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n &amp; T_\\omega = \\left(\\dfrac{P_\\omega}{P_i}\\right) T_i = \\left(\\dfrac{P_\\omega}{P_i}\\right) \\left(\\dfrac{V_i}{V_\\alpha}\\right)T_\\alpha = \\dfrac{P_\\omega V_\\omega T_\\alpha}{P_\\alpha V_\\alpha}  \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; \\dfrac{P_\\alpha V_\\alpha}{T_\\alpha} = \\dfrac{P_\\omega V_\\omega}{T_\\omega}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n<p><a name=\"4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\">\n<li>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"5\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"rtl\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633:\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\left(P + a\\left(\\dfrac{n}{V}\\right)^2\\right)\\,(V - nb)=nRT<\/span><\/div>\n<p>    \u062d\u064a\u062b <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">a<\/span> \u0648<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">b<\/span> \u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0632.\n  <\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a:<\/strong> \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0632\u2013\u0622\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u2013\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c <em>\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a:<\/strong> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a name=\"6\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<ul dir=\"rtl\">\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 <strong>\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a: <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T(\\mathrm{K}) = T(^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}) + 273{,}15<\/span><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a: \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0640<span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathrm{atm}<\/span><\/span> \u0648<span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathrm{L}<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">R=0{,}082\\,057\\ \\mathrm{L\\,atm\\,mol^{-1}\\,K^{-1}}<\/span><\/span>\u061b \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathrm{Pa}<\/span><\/span> \u0648<span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathrm{m^3}<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">R=8{,}314\\,462\\,6\\ \\mathrm{J\\,mol^{-1}\\,K^{-1}}<\/span><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u061f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629. \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649: \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":35101,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":11,"footnotes":""},"categories":[925,641],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30078","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-925","category-641"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 - toposuranos.com\/material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\ud83c\udf21\ufe0f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \ud83d\ude80\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/ar\/\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\ud83c\udf21\ufe0f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \ud83d\ude80\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/ar\/\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"toposuranos.com\/material\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/toposuranos\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-03-10T13:00:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \ud83d\ude80\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/min3-4.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@topuranos\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@topuranos\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrito por\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"giorgio.reveco\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tiempo de lectura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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