{"id":28079,"date":"2021-03-08T13:00:14","date_gmt":"2021-03-08T13:00:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/?p=28079"},"modified":"2024-08-18T10:58:07","modified_gmt":"2024-08-18T10:58:07","slug":"consequence-et-equivalence-semantique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/fr\/consequence-et-equivalence-semantique\/","title":{"rendered":"Cons\u00e9quence et \u00e9quivalence s\u00e9mantique"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"background-color:#F3F3F3; padding:20px;\">\n<center><\/p>\n<h1>Cons\u00e9quence et \u00c9quivalence S\u00e9mantique<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>R\u00c9SUM\u00c9<\/strong><br \/><em>Dans cette le\u00e7on, nous \u00e9tudierons la Cons\u00e9quence et l&#8217;\u00c9quivalence S\u00e9mantique en logique propositionnelle, ce qui est une continuation naturelle de ce que nous avons vu pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment. Nous apprendrons comment obtenir la notion de cons\u00e9quence s\u00e9mantique \u00e0 partir des attributions de valeurs de v\u00e9rit\u00e9 et comment cette id\u00e9e se rapporte au th\u00e9or\u00e8me de d\u00e9duction. De plus, nous verrons des exemples pratiques de l&#8217;utilisation des tables de v\u00e9rit\u00e9 pour obtenir des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s utiles telles que l&#8217;\u00c9limination de la Conjonction et l&#8217;Introduction de la Disjonction. Nous explorerons \u00e9galement la notion d&#8217;\u00c9quivalence S\u00e9mantique et verrons comment elle se rapporte aux propri\u00e9t\u00e9s que nous connaissons d\u00e9j\u00e0. Enfin, nous montrerons comment l&#8217;utilisation de mod\u00e8les et de techniques de d\u00e9duction nous permet de simplifier l&#8217;\u00e9tude des probl\u00e8mes de cons\u00e9quence et d&#8217;\u00e9quivalence s\u00e9mantique.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/center><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>OBJECTIFS D&#8217;APPRENTISSAGE :<\/strong><br \/>\n\u00c0 la fin de cette le\u00e7on, l&#8217;\u00e9tudiant sera capable de\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Comprendre<\/strong> la notion de cons\u00e9quence s\u00e9mantique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Comprendre<\/strong> les diff\u00e9rentes interpr\u00e9tations du symbole \u22a8.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Comprendre<\/strong> la d\u00e9monstration du th\u00e9or\u00e8me de d\u00e9duction dans sa version s\u00e9mantique et son utilisation dans l&#8217;\u00e9tude de la cons\u00e9quence et de l&#8217;\u00e9quivalence s\u00e9mantique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Comprendre<\/strong> la d\u00e9finition de l&#8217;\u00e9quivalence s\u00e9mantique et sa relation avec les valeurs de v\u00e9rit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Appliquer<\/strong> le th\u00e9or\u00e8me de d\u00e9duction dans sa version s\u00e9mantique pour transformer des probl\u00e8mes de cons\u00e9quence en probl\u00e8mes de validit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Appliquer<\/strong> les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s utiles dans l&#8217;utilisation des tables de v\u00e9rit\u00e9 pour d\u00e9montrer des \u00e9quivalences s\u00e9mantiques.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Appliquer<\/strong> les lois d&#8217;absorption, de distribution et de DeMorgan dans la simplification des expressions complexes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Analyser<\/strong> la relation entre les mod\u00e8les et les d\u00e9ductions dans l&#8217;\u00e9tude de la logique propositionnelle.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>TABLE DES MATI\u00c8RES<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"#1\">ATTRIBUTIONS ET MOD\u00c8LES<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#2\">LE TH\u00c9OR\u00c8ME DE D\u00c9DUCTION (VERSION S\u00c9MANTIQUE)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#3\">UTILISATION DU TH\u00c9OR\u00c8ME DE D\u00c9DUCTION DANS L&#8217;\u00c9TUDE DE LA CONS\u00c9QUENCE ET DE L&#8217;\u00c9QUIVALENCE S\u00c9MANTIQUE<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#4\">\u00c9QUIVALENCE S\u00c9MANTIQUE ET PROPRI\u00c9T\u00c9S<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#5\">SYNTH\u00c8SE<\/a><\/p>\n<p><center><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vjkzDxbG8LY\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">L&#8217;\u00e9tude de la Cons\u00e9quence et de l&#8217;\u00c9quivalence S\u00e9mantique est la continuation naturelle de ce que nous avons fait lorsque nous avons examin\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/semantica-de-la-logica-proposicional\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">la s\u00e9mantique de la logique propositionnelle<\/a>. Nous examinerons maintenant la mani\u00e8re dont la notion de cons\u00e9quence s\u00e9mantique est obtenue \u00e0 partir des attributions de valeurs de v\u00e9rit\u00e9, comment cela \u00e9merge naturellement une version s\u00e9mantique du <a href=\"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/tecnicas-deduccion-logica-proposicional\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">th\u00e9or\u00e8me de d\u00e9duction<\/a>. Des exemples pratiques de l&#8217;utilisation des tables de v\u00e9rit\u00e9 pour obtenir certaines propri\u00e9t\u00e9s utiles seront pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s. Vous pouvez \u00e9galement voir tout cela sur la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vjkzDxbG8LY\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">cha\u00eene YouTube.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Attributions et mod\u00e8les<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Commen\u00e7ons par une d\u00e9finition qui est cruciale pour les d\u00e9veloppements que nous verrons dans cette entr\u00e9e, celle de cons\u00e9quence s\u00e9mantique.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #880000;\"><strong>D\u00c9FINITION :<\/strong><\/span> Une expression <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span> est <strong>cons\u00e9quence (s\u00e9mantique)<\/strong> d&#8217;une autre expression <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span> si pour chaque attribution <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A}<\/span> il est v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 que<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A}\\models F \\Rightarrow \\mathcal{A}\\models G<\/span>\n<p>Cela est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 en \u00e9crivant <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F\\models G<\/span> et se lit \u00abl&#8217;expression <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span> mod\u00e8le l&#8217;expression <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span>\u00bb ou \u00ab<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span> est cons\u00e9quence (s\u00e9mantique) de <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span>.\u00bb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Avec cette d\u00e9finition en main, nous devons noter que le symbole <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\models<\/span> a en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 plusieurs interpr\u00e9tations diff\u00e9rentes selon le contexte :<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<li><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A} \\models F<\/span> signifie que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A}(F) = 1<\/span> ; c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire que \u00ab<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A}<\/span> mod\u00e8le <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span>.\u00bb<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G \\models F<\/span> signifie que si une attribution quelconque mod\u00e8le <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span>, alors elle mod\u00e8le <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span>, et nous lisons cela comme \u00ab<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span> est cons\u00e9quence de <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span>.\u00bb<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\models F<\/span> signifie que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span> est valable sous toute attribution ; c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span> est une tautologie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Ainsi, bien que le symbole <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\models<\/span> puisse avoir de nombreuses interpr\u00e9tations, le contexte n&#8217;est pas ambigu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">La notion de cons\u00e9quence (s\u00e9mantique) est proche de la notion \u00abd&#8217;implication\u00bb que nous avons d\u00e9j\u00e0 examin\u00e9e, dans le sens o\u00f9, si <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F\\models G<\/span>, alors <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\models (F\\rightarrow G)<\/span>. En fait, cela est tr\u00e8s similaire au th\u00e9or\u00e8me de d\u00e9duction que nous avons vu dans les le\u00e7ons pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Le Th\u00e9or\u00e8me de D\u00e9duction (Version S\u00e9mantique)<\/h2>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vjkzDxbG8LY&amp;t=444s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">voir<\/span><\/a>]<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #aa0000;\"><strong>TH\u00c9OR\u00c8ME :<\/strong><\/span> Si <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span> et <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span> sont des expressions quelconques, alors il est v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 que<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> F\\models G \\Leftrightarrow \\models (F\\rightarrow G) <\/span>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000aa;\"><strong>D\u00e9monstration :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La d\u00e9monstration de ce th\u00e9or\u00e8me est obtenue facilement en observant les tables de v\u00e9rit\u00e9<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddddd;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddddd;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddddd;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\neg F<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddddd;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\rightarrow G):=(\\neg F \\vee G)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Si nous nous concentrons sur la signification de <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F\\models G<\/span>, nous verrons que cela \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 dire que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A}\\models F \\Rightarrow \\mathcal{A}\\models G<\/span>, ce qui est la m\u00eame chose que de dire que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A}\\not\\models F \\vee \\mathcal{A}\\models G<\/span>. Maintenant, si nous notons que de plus <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A}\\not\\models F<\/span> est exactement la m\u00eame chose que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A}\\models \\neg F<\/span>, alors il est v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F\\models G<\/span> est \u00e9quivalent \u00e0 dire que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A} \\models \\neg F \\vee \\mathcal{A}\\models G<\/span>. Maintenant, si nous faisons une table de v\u00e9rit\u00e9 pour <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F \\rightarrow G<\/span> et que nous marquons en <span style=\"color: #008800;\"><strong>vert<\/strong><\/span> la r\u00e9gion o\u00f9 il est v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A} \\models \\neg F \\vee \\mathcal{A}\\models G<\/span>, alors nous verrons ce qui suit :<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddddd;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddddd;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddddd;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\neg F<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddddd;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\rightarrow G):=(\\neg F \\vee G)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #008800; color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #008800; color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #008800; color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #008800; color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #008800; color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #008800; color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">D&#8217;ici, nous avons que, lorsque <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F\\models G<\/span>, il est toujours v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\models (F \\rightarrow G)<\/span> et vice versa, ce qui n&#8217;est rien d&#8217;autre que le th\u00e9or\u00e8me de d\u00e9duction et son r\u00e9ciproque dans sa version s\u00e9mantique.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Supposons que nous voulions savoir si une expression <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span> est cons\u00e9quence d&#8217;une autre expression <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span>. Nous nous r\u00e9f\u00e9rerons \u00e0 cela comme <strong>le probl\u00e8me de cons\u00e9quence.<\/strong> En utilisant le th\u00e9or\u00e8me pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent, ce probl\u00e8me peut \u00eatre transform\u00e9 en un <strong>probl\u00e8me de validit\u00e9,<\/strong> car \u00ab<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span> est cons\u00e9quence de <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span> si et seulement si <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\rightarrow G)<\/span> est un th\u00e9or\u00e8me\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Utilisation du th\u00e9or\u00e8me de d\u00e9duction dans l&#8217;\u00e9tude de la cons\u00e9quence et de l&#8217;\u00e9quivalence s\u00e9mantique<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vjkzDxbG8LY&amp;t=796s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u00c0 partir des tables de v\u00e9rit\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><\/a>, on peut inf\u00e9rer certaines propri\u00e9t\u00e9s qui rappellent celles que nous avons vues dans le pass\u00e9.<\/p>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000088;\">EXEMPLE<\/span><\/strong>: Montrer en utilisant des tables de v\u00e9rit\u00e9 que les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s suivantes sont valides<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00c9limination de la Conjonction :<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge G)\\models F<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Introduction de la Disjonction :<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F\\models (F\\vee G)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Contradiction :<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge\\neg F)\\models G<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #008800;\"><strong>Solution :<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> En utilisant le th\u00e9or\u00e8me de d\u00e9duction que nous venons de revoir, nous pouvons transformer le probl\u00e8me de cons\u00e9quence en un probl\u00e8me de validit\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Pour r\u00e9soudre l&#8217;<strong>\u00c9limination de la Conjonction,<\/strong> nous pouvons r\u00e9aliser la table de v\u00e9rit\u00e9 suivante<\/p>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge G)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">((F\\wedge G) \\rightarrow F)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Avec cela, nous avons d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">((F\\wedge G)\\rightarrow F)<\/span> est une tautologie et, par cons\u00e9quent, en suivant le r\u00e9ciproque du th\u00e9or\u00e8me de d\u00e9duction, nous obtenons que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge G) \\models F<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">L&#8217;<strong>Introduction de la Disjonction<\/strong> est r\u00e9solue de mani\u00e8re analogue en construisant une table de v\u00e9rit\u00e9 appropri\u00e9e<\/p>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\vee G)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\rightarrow(F\\vee G))<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Ici, nous observons que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\rightarrow (F\\vee G))<\/span> est une tautologie et, par cons\u00e9quent, par le r\u00e9ciproque du th\u00e9or\u00e8me de d\u00e9duction, il est v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F\\models (F\\vee G)<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Et enfin, la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 de <strong>Contradiction<\/strong> est d\u00e9montr\u00e9e en utilisant la m\u00eame m\u00e9thode<\/p>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\neg F<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge \\neg F)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">((F\\wedge \\neg F)\\rightarrow G)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Avec cette table de v\u00e9rit\u00e9, nous avons d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">((F\\wedge \\neg F)\\rightarrow G)<\/span> est une tautologie et, par cons\u00e9quent, par le r\u00e9ciproque du th\u00e9or\u00e8me de d\u00e9duction, il est v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge \\neg F)\\models G<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a name=\"4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u00c9quivalence S\u00e9mantique et Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vjkzDxbG8LY&amp;t=1058s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">voir<\/span><\/a>]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #880000;\"><strong>D\u00c9FINITION :<\/strong><\/span> Si les deux se produisent en m\u00eame temps, <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F\\models G<\/span> et <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G\\models F<\/span>, alors on dit que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span> et <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span> sont <strong>semantiquement \u00e9quivalents<\/strong> entre eux. Cela est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 en \u00e9crivant <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F\\equiv G<\/span>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><strong>Comme cons\u00e9quence de cette d\u00e9finition, deux expressions sont s\u00e9mantiquement \u00e9quivalentes si et seulement si elles ont les m\u00eames valeurs de v\u00e9rit\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000088;\">EXEMPLE :<\/span><\/strong> Il peut \u00eatre montr\u00e9 en utilisant des tables de v\u00e9rit\u00e9 que les <strong>\u00e9quivalences s\u00e9mantiques de sym\u00e9trie<\/strong> sont valables.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\downarrow G) \\equiv (G\\downarrow F)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\vee G) \\equiv (G\\vee F)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge G) \\equiv (G\\wedge F)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\leftrightarrow G) \\equiv (G\\leftrightarrow F)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\underline{\\vee} G) \\equiv (G\\underline{\\vee} F)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000088;\">EXEMPLE :<\/span><\/strong> Si <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span> est une expression quelconque, <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\top<\/span> une tautologie et <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\bot<\/span> une contradiction, alors en utilisant des tables de v\u00e9rit\u00e9, il est possible de prouver les \u00e9quivalences s\u00e9mantiques suivantes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge \\top) \\equiv F<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\vee \\top) \\equiv \\top<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge \\bot) \\equiv \\bot<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\vee \\bot) \\equiv F<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ces \u00e9quivalences sont connues sous le nom de <strong>lois d&#8217;absorption.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000088;\">EXEMPLE :<\/span><\/strong> Dans la s\u00e9mantique de la logique propositionnelle, les \u00e9quivalences de distribution de la conjonction et de la disjonction sont \u00e9galement valables.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge (G\\vee H)) \\equiv ((F\\wedge G) \\vee (F\\wedge H))<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\vee (G\\wedge H)) \\equiv ((F\\vee G) \\wedge (F\\vee H))<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000088;\">EXEMPLE :<\/span><\/strong> Dans la s\u00e9mantique de la logique propositionnelle, les <strong>Lois de DeMorgan<\/strong> sont \u00e9galement valables.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\neg(F\\wedge G) \\equiv (\\neg F \\vee \\neg G)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\neg(F\\vee G) \\equiv (\\neg F \\wedge \\neg G)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #880000;\">EXERCICE :<\/span><\/strong> Un bon exercice consiste \u00e0 prouver en utilisant des tables de v\u00e9rit\u00e9 que, en effet, les \u00e9quivalences s\u00e9mantiques des Lois d&#8217;Absorption, de Distributivit\u00e9 et les Lois de DeMorgan sont valables.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000088;\">EXEMPLE :<\/span><\/strong> D\u00e9montrer en utilisant des \u00e9quivalences s\u00e9mantiques que l&#8217;\u00e9quivalence suivante est v\u00e9rifi\u00e9e :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">((C\\wedge D) \\vee A) \\wedge (C\\wedge D) \\vee B) \\wedge (E \\vee \\neg E))\\equiv ((A\\wedge B)\\vee(C\\wedge D))<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #008800;\"><strong>Solution :<\/strong><\/span> Nous pouvons prouver cette \u00e9quivalence en utilisant des tables de v\u00e9rit\u00e9, mais si nous faisons cela, nous devrons g\u00e9rer une expression avec 5 variables propositionnelles, ce qui implique de faire une table de v\u00e9rit\u00e9 avec <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">2^5 = 32<\/span> lignes, et il serait id\u00e9al d&#8217;\u00e9viter ce sc\u00e9nario. Pour y parvenir, nous utiliserons les \u00e9quivalences que nous avons d\u00e9j\u00e0 montr\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Tout d&#8217;abord, notons que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(E\\vee \\neg E)<\/span> est une tautologie. Appelons cette tautologie <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\top<\/span>. Ensuite, en utilisant les lois d&#8217;absorption, nous aurons que<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">((C\\wedge D) \\vee A) \\wedge (C\\wedge D) \\vee B) \\wedge (E \\vee \\neg E)) \\equiv ((C\\wedge D) \\vee A) \\wedge (C\\wedge D) \\vee B)) <\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">En utilisant les lois de distribution, nous obtenons<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> ((C\\wedge D) \\vee A) \\wedge (C\\wedge D) \\vee B)) \\equiv ((C\\wedge D) \\vee (A\\wedge B))<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Enfin, par sym\u00e9trie<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> ((C\\wedge D) \\vee (A\\wedge B)) \\equiv ((A\\wedge B) \\vee (C\\wedge D))<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Par cons\u00e9quent, en suivant ces \u00e9quivalences, nous avons l&#8217;\u00e9quivalence<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">((C\\wedge D) \\vee A) \\wedge (C\\wedge D) \\vee B) \\wedge (E \\vee \\neg E)) \\equiv ((A\\wedge B) \\vee (C\\wedge D))<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">c&#8217;est ce que nous voulions d\u00e9montrer.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a name=\"5\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Synth\u00e8se<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Si nous observons le d\u00e9veloppement de cet dernier exemple, nous verrons que, \u00e0 mesure que le nombre de variables augmente, la complexit\u00e9 de l&#8217;\u00e9tude des probl\u00e8mes de cons\u00e9quence et d&#8217;\u00e9quivalence s\u00e9mantique cro\u00eet de mani\u00e8re exponentielle si nous d\u00e9pendons des tables de v\u00e9rit\u00e9. Cependant, nous avons vu que du d\u00e9veloppement de l&#8217;id\u00e9e de mod\u00e8le \u00e9merge quelque chose d&#8217;analogue aux techniques de d\u00e9duction que nous avons d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9tudi\u00e9es en d\u00e9tail. Cette relation entre les mod\u00e8les et les d\u00e9ductions est ce que nous verrons bient\u00f4t, et la combinaison des deux sera ce qui nous \u00e9pargnera finalement d&#8217;innombrables maux de t\u00eate dans l&#8217;\u00e9tude de la logique.<a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3t6XASK\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cons\u00e9quence et \u00c9quivalence S\u00e9mantique R\u00c9SUM\u00c9Dans cette le\u00e7on, nous \u00e9tudierons la Cons\u00e9quence et l&#8217;\u00c9quivalence S\u00e9mantique en logique propositionnelle, ce qui est une continuation naturelle de ce que nous avons vu pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment. Nous apprendrons comment obtenir la notion de cons\u00e9quence s\u00e9mantique \u00e0 partir des attributions de valeurs de v\u00e9rit\u00e9 et comment cette id\u00e9e se rapporte au th\u00e9or\u00e8me [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":28055,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":23,"footnotes":""},"categories":[617,631,569],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28079","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-logique-mathematique","category-logique-propositionnelle","category-mathematiques"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Cons\u00e9quence et \u00e9quivalence s\u00e9mantique - toposuranos.com\/material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Apprenez \u00e0 propos de la Cons\u00e9quence et de l&#039;\u00c9quivalence S\u00e9mantique en logique propositionnelle avec des exemples pratiques. 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