{"id":28058,"date":"2021-03-08T13:00:15","date_gmt":"2021-03-08T13:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/?p=28058"},"modified":"2024-08-18T09:40:14","modified_gmt":"2024-08-18T09:40:14","slug":"consequencia-e-equivalencia-semantica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/pt\/consequencia-e-equivalencia-semantica\/","title":{"rendered":"Consequ\u00eancia e Equival\u00eancia Sem\u00e2ntica"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"background-color:#F3F3F3; padding:20px;\">\n<center><\/p>\n<h1>Consequ\u00eancia e Equival\u00eancia Sem\u00e2ntica<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>RESUMO<\/strong><br \/><em>Nesta aula, estudaremos a Consequ\u00eancia e Equival\u00eancia Sem\u00e2ntica na l\u00f3gica proposicional, o que \u00e9 uma continua\u00e7\u00e3o natural do que j\u00e1 vimos anteriormente. Aprenderemos como obter a no\u00e7\u00e3o de consequ\u00eancia sem\u00e2ntica a partir das atribui\u00e7\u00f5es de valores de verdade e como essa ideia se relaciona com o teorema da dedu\u00e7\u00e3o. Al\u00e9m disso, veremos exemplos pr\u00e1ticos do uso das tabelas de verdade para obter propriedades \u00fateis como a Elimina\u00e7\u00e3o da Conjun\u00e7\u00e3o e a Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o da Disjun\u00e7\u00e3o. Tamb\u00e9m exploraremos a no\u00e7\u00e3o de Equival\u00eancia Sem\u00e2ntica e veremos como ela se relaciona com as propriedades que j\u00e1 conhecemos. Finalmente, mostraremos como o uso de modelos e t\u00e9cnicas de dedu\u00e7\u00e3o nos permite simplificar o estudo de problemas de consequ\u00eancia e equival\u00eancia sem\u00e2ntica.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/center><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>OBJETIVOS DE APRENDIZAGEM:<\/strong><br \/>\nAo final desta aula, o aluno ser\u00e1 capaz de\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Compreender<\/strong> a no\u00e7\u00e3o de consequ\u00eancia sem\u00e2ntica.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Compreender<\/strong> as diferentes interpreta\u00e7\u00f5es do s\u00edmbolo \u22a8.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Compreender<\/strong> a demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o do teorema da dedu\u00e7\u00e3o em sua vers\u00e3o sem\u00e2ntica e seu uso no estudo da consequ\u00eancia e equival\u00eancia sem\u00e2ntica.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Compreender<\/strong> a defini\u00e7\u00e3o de equival\u00eancia sem\u00e2ntica e sua rela\u00e7\u00e3o com os valores de verdade.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aplicar<\/strong> o teorema da dedu\u00e7\u00e3o em sua vers\u00e3o sem\u00e2ntica para transformar problemas de consequ\u00eancia em problemas de validade.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aplicar<\/strong> as propriedades \u00fateis no uso das tabelas de verdade para demonstrar equival\u00eancias sem\u00e2nticas.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aplicar<\/strong> as leis de absor\u00e7\u00e3o, distribui\u00e7\u00e3o e DeMorgan na simplifica\u00e7\u00e3o de express\u00f5es complexas.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Analisar<\/strong> a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre modelos e dedu\u00e7\u00f5es no estudo da l\u00f3gica proposicional.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>\u00cdNDICE<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"#1\">ATRIBUI\u00c7\u00d5ES E MODELOS<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#2\">O TEOREMA DA DEDU\u00c7\u00c3O (VERS\u00c3O SEM\u00c2NTICA)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#3\">USO DO TEOREMA DA DEDU\u00c7\u00c3O NO ESTUDO DA CONSEQU\u00caNCIA E EQUIVAL\u00caNCIA SEM\u00c2NTICA<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#4\">EQUIVAL\u00caNCIA SEM\u00c2NTICA E PROPRIEDADES<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#5\">S\u00cdNTESE<\/a><\/p>\n<p><center><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vjkzDxbG8LY\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">O estudo da Consequ\u00eancia e Equival\u00eancia Sem\u00e2ntica \u00e9 uma continua\u00e7\u00e3o natural do que fizemos ao revisar <a href=\"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/semantica-de-la-logica-proposicional\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">a sem\u00e2ntica da l\u00f3gica proposicional<\/a>. Agora revisaremos como, a partir das atribui\u00e7\u00f5es de valores de verdade, se obt\u00e9m a no\u00e7\u00e3o de consequ\u00eancia sem\u00e2ntica e como, a partir disso, surge naturalmente uma vers\u00e3o sem\u00e2ntica do <a href=\"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/tecnicas-deduccion-logica-proposicional\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">teorema da dedu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>. Ser\u00e3o apresentados exemplos pr\u00e1ticos do uso das tabelas de verdade para obter algumas propriedades \u00fateis. Voc\u00ea tamb\u00e9m pode ver tudo isso no <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vjkzDxbG8LY\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">canal do YouTube.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Atribui\u00e7\u00f5es e Modelos<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Primeiro, vamos come\u00e7ar com uma defini\u00e7\u00e3o que \u00e9 crucial para os desenvolvimentos que veremos neste post, a de consequ\u00eancia sem\u00e2ntica.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #880000;\"><strong>DEFINI\u00c7\u00c3O:<\/strong><\/span> Uma express\u00e3o <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span> \u00e9 uma <strong>(sem\u00e2ntica) consequ\u00eancia<\/strong> de outra express\u00e3o <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span> se, para cada atribui\u00e7\u00e3o <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A}<\/span>, vale que<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A}\\models F \\Rightarrow \\mathcal{A}\\models G<\/span>\n<p>Isso \u00e9 representado escrevendo <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F\\models G<\/span> e se l\u00ea como \u00aba express\u00e3o <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span> modela a express\u00e3o <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span>\u00bb ou \u00ab<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span> \u00e9 uma (sem\u00e2ntica) consequ\u00eancia de <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span>.\u00bb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Com essa defini\u00e7\u00e3o em m\u00e3os, devemos notar que o s\u00edmbolo <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\models<\/span> realmente tem v\u00e1rias leituras diferentes dependendo do contexto:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<li><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A} \\models F<\/span> significa que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A}(F) = 1<\/span>; ou seja, que \u00ab<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A}<\/span> modela <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span>.\u00bb<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G \\models F<\/span> significa que, se qualquer atribui\u00e7\u00e3o modela <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span>, ent\u00e3o modela <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span>, e lemos isso como \u00ab<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span> \u00e9 consequ\u00eancia de <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span>.\u00bb<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\models F<\/span> significa que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span> vale sob qualquer atribui\u00e7\u00e3o; ou seja, que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span> \u00e9 uma tautologia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Assim, embora o s\u00edmbolo <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\models<\/span> possa ter muitas interpreta\u00e7\u00f5es, o contexto n\u00e3o \u00e9 amb\u00edguo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">A no\u00e7\u00e3o de consequ\u00eancia (sem\u00e2ntica) \u00e9 pr\u00f3xima \u00e0 no\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00abimplica\u00e7\u00e3o\u00bb que revisamos anteriormente, no sentido de que, se <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F\\models G<\/span> \u00e9 verdadeiro, ent\u00e3o <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\models (F\\rightarrow G)<\/span>. Na verdade, isso \u00e9 muito semelhante ao teorema da dedu\u00e7\u00e3o que vimos v\u00e1rias aulas atr\u00e1s.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>O Teorema da Dedu\u00e7\u00e3o (Vers\u00e3o Sem\u00e2ntica)<\/h2>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vjkzDxbG8LY&amp;t=444s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">ver<\/span><\/a>]<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #aa0000;\"><strong>TEOREMA:<\/strong><\/span> Se <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span> e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span> s\u00e3o quaisquer express\u00f5es, ent\u00e3o vale que<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> F\\models G \\Leftrightarrow \\models (F\\rightarrow G) <\/span>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000aa;\"><strong>Prova:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A prova deste teorema \u00e9 facilmente obtida observando as tabelas de verdade<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddddd;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddddd;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddddd;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\neg F<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddddd;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\rightarrow G):=(\\neg F \\vee G)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Se nos concentrarmos no significado de <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F\\models G<\/span>, veremos que isso \u00e9 equivalente a dizer que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A}\\models F \\Rightarrow \\mathcal{A}\\models G<\/span>, que por sua vez \u00e9 o mesmo que dizer que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A}\\not\\models F \\vee \\mathcal{A}\\models G<\/span>. Agora, se notarmos que tamb\u00e9m <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A}\\not\\models F<\/span> \u00e9 exatamente o mesmo que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A}\\models \\neg F<\/span>, ent\u00e3o <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F\\models G<\/span> \u00e9 equivalente a dizer que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A} \\models \\neg F \\vee \\mathcal{A}\\models G<\/span>. Agora, se fizermos uma tabela de verdade para <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F \\rightarrow G<\/span> e marcarmos em <span style=\"color: #008800;\"><strong>verde<\/strong><\/span> a regi\u00e3o onde se cumpre que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\mathcal{A} \\models \\neg F \\vee \\mathcal{A}\\models G<\/span>, ent\u00e3o veremos o seguinte:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddddd;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddddd;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddddd;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\neg F<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddddd;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\rightarrow G):=(\\neg F \\vee G)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #008800; color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #008800; color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #008800; color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #008800; color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #008800; color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #008800; color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Daqui temos que, quando <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F\\models G<\/span>, sempre ocorre que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\models (F \\rightarrow G)<\/span> e vice-versa, o que nada mais \u00e9 do que o teorema da dedu\u00e7\u00e3o e seu rec\u00edproco na vers\u00e3o sem\u00e2ntica.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Suponhamos que queiramos saber se uma express\u00e3o <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span> \u00e9 consequ\u00eancia de outra express\u00e3o <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span>. Vamos nos referir a isso como <strong>o problema da consequ\u00eancia.<\/strong> Usando o teorema anterior, esse problema pode ser transformado em um <strong>problema de validade,<\/strong> porque \u00ab<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span> \u00e9 consequ\u00eancia de <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span> se e somente se <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\rightarrow G)<\/span> \u00e9 um teorema\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Uso do Teorema da Dedu\u00e7\u00e3o no Estudo da Consequ\u00eancia e Equival\u00eancia Sem\u00e2ntica<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vjkzDxbG8LY&amp;t=796s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">A partir das tabelas de verdade<\/span><\/strong><\/a>, algumas propriedades podem ser inferidas que lembram algumas vistas no passado.<\/p>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000088;\">EXEMPLO<\/span><\/strong>: Mostrar usando tabelas de verdade que as seguintes propriedades s\u00e3o verdadeiras<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Elimina\u00e7\u00e3o da Conjun\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge G)\\models F<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o da Disjun\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F\\models (F\\vee G)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Contradi\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge\\neg F)\\models G<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #008800;\"><strong>Solu\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> Usando o teorema da dedu\u00e7\u00e3o que acabamos de revisar, podemos transformar o problema da consequ\u00eancia em um problema de validade.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Para resolver a <strong>Elimina\u00e7\u00e3o da Conjun\u00e7\u00e3o,<\/strong> podemos fazer a seguinte tabela de verdade<\/p>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge G)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">((F\\wedge G) \\rightarrow F)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Com isso, demonstramos que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">((F\\wedge G)\\rightarrow F)<\/span> \u00e9 uma tautologia e, portanto, seguindo o rec\u00edproco do teorema da dedu\u00e7\u00e3o, obtemos que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge G) \\models F<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><strong>Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o da Disjun\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong> \u00e9 resolvido de forma semelhante, construindo uma tabela de verdade adequada<\/p>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\vee G)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\rightarrow(F\\vee G))<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Aqui observamos que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\rightarrow (F\\vee G))<\/span> \u00e9 uma tautologia e, portanto, pelo rec\u00edproco do teorema da dedu\u00e7\u00e3o, temos que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F\\models (F\\vee G)<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">E finalmente, a propriedade da <strong>Contradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong> \u00e9 demonstrada usando o mesmo m\u00e9todo<\/p>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\neg F<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge \\neg F)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #bbbbbb;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">((F\\wedge \\neg F)\\rightarrow G)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #dddd00;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Com esta tabela de verdade, demonstramos que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">((F\\wedge \\neg F)\\rightarrow G)<\/span> \u00e9 uma tautologia e, portanto, pelo rec\u00edproco do teorema da dedu\u00e7\u00e3o, temos que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge \\neg F)\\models G<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a name=\"4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Equival\u00eancia Sem\u00e2ntica e Propriedades<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vjkzDxbG8LY&amp;t=1058s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">ver<\/span><\/a>]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #880000;\"><strong>DEFINI\u00c7\u00c3O:<\/strong><\/span> Se ocorrerem ao mesmo tempo, <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F\\models G<\/span> e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G\\models F<\/span>, ent\u00e3o diz-se que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span> e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G<\/span> s\u00e3o <strong>semanticamente equivalentes<\/strong> entre si. Isso \u00e9 representado escrevendo <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F\\equiv G<\/span>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><strong>Como consequ\u00eancia desta defini\u00e7\u00e3o, duas express\u00f5es s\u00e3o semanticamente equivalentes se e somente se tiverem os mesmos valores de verdade.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000088;\">EXEMPLO:<\/span><\/strong> Pode-se mostrar, usando tabelas de verdade, que valem as <strong>equival\u00eancias sem\u00e2nticas de simetria.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\downarrow G) \\equiv (G\\downarrow F)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\vee G) \\equiv (G\\vee F)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge G) \\equiv (G\\wedge F)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\leftrightarrow G) \\equiv (G\\leftrightarrow F)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\underline{\\vee} G) \\equiv (G\\underline{\\vee} F)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000088;\">EXEMPLO:<\/span><\/strong> Se <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F<\/span> \u00e9 qualquer express\u00e3o, <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\top<\/span> uma tautologia, e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\bot<\/span> uma contradi\u00e7\u00e3o, ent\u00e3o, por meio de tabelas de verdade, pode-se provar as seguintes equival\u00eancias sem\u00e2nticas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge \\top) \\equiv F<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\vee \\top) \\equiv \\top<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge \\bot) \\equiv \\bot<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\vee \\bot) \\equiv F<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\">Essas equival\u00eancias s\u00e3o conhecidas como <strong>leis de absor\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000088;\">EXEMPLO:<\/span><\/strong> Na sem\u00e2ntica da l\u00f3gica proposicional, as equival\u00eancias de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o da conjun\u00e7\u00e3o e da disjun\u00e7\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m valem.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\wedge (G\\vee H)) \\equiv ((F\\wedge G) \\vee (F\\wedge H))<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(F\\vee (G\\wedge H)) \\equiv ((F\\vee G) \\wedge (F\\vee H))<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000088;\">EXEMPLO:<\/span><\/strong> Na sem\u00e2ntica da l\u00f3gica proposicional, as Leis de DeMorgan tamb\u00e9m valem.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\neg(F\\wedge G) \\equiv (\\neg F \\vee \\neg G)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\neg(F\\vee G) \\equiv (\\neg F \\wedge \\neg G)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #880000;\">EXERC\u00cdCIO:<\/span><\/strong> Um bom exerc\u00edcio \u00e9 provar, usando tabelas de verdade, que as equival\u00eancias sem\u00e2nticas das Leis de Absor\u00e7\u00e3o, Distributividade e Leis de DeMorgan realmente se sustentam.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000088;\">EXEMPLO:<\/span><\/strong> Demonstrar, usando equival\u00eancias sem\u00e2nticas, que ocorre a seguinte equival\u00eancia:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">((C\\wedge D) \\vee A) \\wedge (C\\wedge D) \\vee B) \\wedge (E \\vee \\neg E))\\equiv ((A\\wedge B)\\vee(C\\wedge D))<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #008800;\"><strong>Solu\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong><\/span> Podemos provar essa equival\u00eancia usando tabelas de verdade, mas, se fizermos isso, teremos que lidar com uma express\u00e3o com 5 vari\u00e1veis proposicionais, e isso implica fazer uma tabela de verdade com <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">2^5 = 32<\/span> linhas, o que seria ideal evitar. Para conseguir isso, usaremos as equival\u00eancias que j\u00e1 mostramos.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Primeiro, observe que <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(E\\vee \\neg E)<\/span> \u00e9 uma tautologia. Vamos denotar essa tautologia por <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\top<\/span>. Em seguida, usando as leis de absor\u00e7\u00e3o, temos<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">((C\\wedge D) \\vee A) \\wedge (C\\wedge D) \\vee B) \\wedge (E \\vee \\neg E)) \\equiv ((C\\wedge D) \\vee A) \\wedge (C\\wedge D) \\vee B)) <\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Usando as leis de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o, obtemos<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> ((C\\wedge D) \\vee A) \\wedge (C\\wedge D) \\vee B)) \\equiv ((C\\wedge D) \\vee (A\\wedge B))<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Finalmente, por simetria<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> ((C\\wedge D) \\vee (A\\wedge B)) \\equiv ((A\\wedge B) \\vee (C\\wedge D))<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Portanto, seguindo essas equival\u00eancias, temos a equival\u00eancia<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">((C\\wedge D) \\vee A) \\wedge (C\\wedge D) \\vee B) \\wedge (E \\vee \\neg E)) \\equiv ((A\\wedge B) \\vee (C\\wedge D))<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">que \u00e9 o que quer\u00edamos provar.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a name=\"5\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>S\u00edntese<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Se observarmos o desenvolvimento deste \u00faltimo exemplo, veremos que, \u00e0 medida que o n\u00famero de vari\u00e1veis aumenta, a complexidade do estudo dos problemas de consequ\u00eancia e equival\u00eancia sem\u00e2ntica cresce exponencialmente se dependermos das tabelas de verdade. No entanto, vimos que, a partir do desenvolvimento da ideia de modelo, emerge algo an\u00e1logo \u00e0s t\u00e9cnicas de dedu\u00e7\u00e3o que j\u00e1 estudamos com bastante detalhe. Essa rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre modelos e dedu\u00e7\u00f5es \u00e9 o que veremos em breve, e a combina\u00e7\u00e3o de ambos nos poupar\u00e1, finalmente, incont\u00e1veis dores de cabe\u00e7a no estudo da l\u00f3gica.<a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3t6XASK\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Consequ\u00eancia e Equival\u00eancia Sem\u00e2ntica RESUMONesta aula, estudaremos a Consequ\u00eancia e Equival\u00eancia Sem\u00e2ntica na l\u00f3gica proposicional, o que \u00e9 uma continua\u00e7\u00e3o natural do que j\u00e1 vimos anteriormente. Aprenderemos como obter a no\u00e7\u00e3o de consequ\u00eancia sem\u00e2ntica a partir das atribui\u00e7\u00f5es de valores de verdade e como essa ideia se relaciona com o teorema da dedu\u00e7\u00e3o. Al\u00e9m disso, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":28055,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":10,"footnotes":""},"categories":[607,621,571],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28058","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-logica-matematica-pt","category-logica-proposicional-pt","category-matematica-pt"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Consequ\u00eancia e Equival\u00eancia Sem\u00e2ntica - toposuranos.com\/material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Aprenda sobre Consequ\u00eancia e Equival\u00eancia Sem\u00e2ntica na l\u00f3gica proposicional com exemplos pr\u00e1ticos. 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