{"id":27762,"date":"2021-10-22T13:00:19","date_gmt":"2021-10-22T13:00:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/?p=27762"},"modified":"2024-08-11T20:20:33","modified_gmt":"2024-08-11T20:20:33","slug":"%d1%82%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%bb%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b7%d1%8b-%d0%b2%d1%81%d1%91-%d0%be-%d0%b8%d1%85-%d1%81%d0%b2%d0%be%d0%b9%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%85-%d0%b8-%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%81%d1%87%d0%b5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/ru\/%d1%82%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%bb%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b7%d1%8b-%d0%b2%d1%81%d1%91-%d0%be-%d0%b8%d1%85-%d1%81%d0%b2%d0%be%d0%b9%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%85-%d0%b8-%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%81%d1%87%d0%b5\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0422\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u044b: \u0412\u0441\u0451 \u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><center><\/p>\n<h1>\u0422\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u044b: \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445<\/h1>\n<p><em><strong>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b (\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435), \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b. \u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c &#8211; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0426\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align:left;\">\n<li><strong>\u041f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u044b, \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/strong>, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0451 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0430\u0445.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"#1\">\u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#2\">\u0422\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#3\">\u0421\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#4\">\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#5\">\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#6\">\u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/a><br \/>\n<\/center><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QLn3Ml-Mrng&amp;t=137s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0422\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u044b,<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u043d\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u0441 \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEg7unooQ_wxtWDSCBGloGkESSCipu1eXSsKSP7GDD5Ml4X2pkxZrsCcf4QaDdMVlQyanvVs14N2JNyyDBQNMlFJeha_Ezta0ffo_0ayyQzEi__H1BKAa_2RCJJTunRomWHOozGV5S4eots7dpRsQStGG9qoiEK8rrtU2IihiEMmyS7mMVw1Vcb54KVI8g\" width=\"455\" height=\"366\" alt=\"\u0422\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0430\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEg7unooQ_wxtWDSCBGloGkESSCipu1eXSsKSP7GDD5Ml4X2pkxZrsCcf4QaDdMVlQyanvVs14N2JNyyDBQNMlFJeha_Ezta0ffo_0ayyQzEi__H1BKAa_2RCJJTunRomWHOozGV5S4eots7dpRsQStGG9qoiEK8rrtU2IihiEMmyS7mMVw1Vcb54KVI8g\" width=\"455\" height=\"366\" alt=\"\u0422\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0430\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0412 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c.<\/p>\n<p><center><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QLn3Ml-Mrng\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QLn3Ml-Mrng&amp;t=321s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u041b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430,<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430: \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n<p><center><\/center><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 384px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEh0PLkCTvVUlV2B0T4PY2ipA8hwHOyKg3FBZxKjH-x4K9hsI72_bZzkV97FwglcMi2YpndB7i-TSUjGnpcWmgQ-YD66EZlOuZkD8MaD6Bsvxzq8AO9IBUN3L_a2BJAEIoJEYv2wtaThEY1pUlL-OsQRMR8hfTc7_fxr9riBzH4WVsXf2goI6xxCmhKPsw\" width=\"384\" height=\"294\" alt=\"\u0421\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0430\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEh0PLkCTvVUlV2B0T4PY2ipA8hwHOyKg3FBZxKjH-x4K9hsI72_bZzkV97FwglcMi2YpndB7i-TSUjGnpcWmgQ-YD66EZlOuZkD8MaD6Bsvxzq8AO9IBUN3L_a2BJAEIoJEYv2wtaThEY1pUlL-OsQRMR8hfTc7_fxr9riBzH4WVsXf2goI6xxCmhKPsw\" width=\"384\" height=\"294\" alt=\"\u0421\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0430\" \/><\/noscript> \u0422\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 386px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEjhz-x8M2Gh8zkKs0GDC5NFDr4UbWieeumfLilpyTIu_-4OM8wChs-mRLAfkhA0YTYX99OEWvY0vpDrw5z9CjytxhKnUxy5SYrZwbIq59Hs-jvPLydnGFOt9SNMr_SGHycnNR6cLgXgeKNNqT3B0F8LxqoQrJemvYhvqjEfGsNMFAEW-V9DVxtosf_neg\" width=\"386\" height=\"211\" alt=\"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0430\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEjhz-x8M2Gh8zkKs0GDC5NFDr4UbWieeumfLilpyTIu_-4OM8wChs-mRLAfkhA0YTYX99OEWvY0vpDrw5z9CjytxhKnUxy5SYrZwbIq59Hs-jvPLydnGFOt9SNMr_SGHycnNR6cLgXgeKNNqT3B0F8LxqoQrJemvYhvqjEfGsNMFAEW-V9DVxtosf_neg\" width=\"386\" height=\"211\" alt=\"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0430\" \/><\/noscript> \u0422\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0422\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F_1<\/span><\/span> \u0438 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F_2<\/span><\/span> \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">f<\/span><\/span> \u2014 <strong>\u0444\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/strong> \u0412 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0439.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0412 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0421\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QLn3Ml-Mrng&amp;t=497s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u043e\u0439,<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u043c\u044b \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435:<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEiaZBBNwYEXZsxfDEdwRFW-ryUPjItussuFx6RZZWsRxR1kXu-wW_Ns5F2KUdG8anzCHUUToJLMQPgqtM57eO4UcUD8H78minimIOvD8yUM78\u0417r1ykd81o1O7PNqidqh3LfJGwl62dZQTfzI9EwH7sQttwlwipe6hVAZFb9KqBTbA2y7_ZMJ5IeNHD6QA\" width=\"637\" height=\"353\" alt=\"\u0421\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0430\u0445\" class=\"alignnone lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEiaZBBNwYEXZsxfDEdwRFW-ryUPjItussuFx6RZZWsRxR1kXu-wW_Ns5F2KUdG8anzCHUUToJLMQPgqtM57eO4UcUD8H78minimIOvD8yUM78\u0417r1ykd81o1O7PNqidqh3LfJGwl62dZQTfzI9EwH7sQttwlwipe6hVAZFb9KqBTbA2y7_ZMJ5IeNHD6QA\" width=\"637\" height=\"353\" alt=\"\u0421\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0430\u0445\" class=\"alignnone lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rlr}\n\n&amp;\\displaystyle \\frac{y}{s} = -\\frac{y^\\prime}{s^\\prime} &amp; \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; \\displaystyle \\color{blue}{\\frac{y^\\prime}{y} = -\\frac{s^\\prime}{s}} &amp; (\\triangle)\n\n\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rlr}\n\n&amp; \\displaystyle  \\frac{y}{f} = -\\frac{y^\\prime}{s^\\prime-f} &amp;  \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; \\displaystyle \\color{blue}{\\frac{y^\\prime}{y} = -\\frac{s^\\prime-f}{f}} &amp; (\\star)\n\n\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0417\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0437 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(\\triangle)<\/span><\/span> \u0438 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(\\star)<\/span><\/span> \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rlr}\n\n&amp;\\displaystyle-\\frac{s^\\prime}{s} = -\\frac{s^\\prime-f}{f} &amp;  \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv \\displaystyle &amp; \\frac{s^\\prime}{s} = \\frac{s^\\prime-f}{f} = \\frac{s^\\prime}{f} - 1 = \\frac{s^\\prime}{f} - \\frac{s^\\prime}{s^\\prime} &amp; \\\\ \\\\\n\n{} \\equiv &amp; \\displaystyle \\frac{s^\\prime}{s}+ \\frac{s^\\prime}{s^\\prime} = \\frac{s^\\prime}{f} &amp; \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; \\displaystyle \\color{blue}{\\frac{1}{s}+ \\frac{1}{s^\\prime} = \\frac{1}{f}} &amp;\n\n\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c <strong>\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\" \u0418 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435,=\"\" \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438=\"\" \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435=\"\" \u0441 \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438,=\"\" \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e=\"\" \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c=\"\" \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439=\"\">\u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">m<\/span><\/span> \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\color{blue}{m=-\\frac{y^\\prime}{y}= - \\frac{s^\\prime}{s}}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QLn3Ml-Mrng&amp;t=978s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439,<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0438 \u043c\u044b \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044b \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0412 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c, \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0434:<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEhygh_mFDH99yumaDNCW3XtO0TKGWDJc1uLRFPCb2Q6hKL0bJo6GOFpB03jeMFHAX9_4E06j2RwBD4R_SecOhKo35QojZkTGzCkUwgp_R9yY6k0gQ7qGROcDcVja6jegTnOUYD-Krhb6iiwHIXrNh90jcMwf4M_082mTqGQb56nQyElN42iO_pg0dy-DA\" width=\"704\" height=\"216\" class=\"alignnone lazyload\" alt=\"\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u044b\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEhygh_mFDH99yumaDNCW3XtO0TKGWDJc1uLRFPCb2Q6hKL0bJo6GOFpB03jeMFHAX9_4E06j2RwBD4R_SecOhKo35QojZkTGzCkUwgp_R9yY6k0gQ7qGROcDcVja6jegTnOUYD-Krhb6iiwHIXrNh90jcMwf4M_082mTqGQb56nQyElN42iO_pg0dy-DA\" width=\"704\" height=\"216\" class=\"alignnone lazyload\" alt=\"\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u044b\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u041d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEi6FTZ9Y6F-hJUKjczKbnCeHFtXEpUg8us8DmK_OZCRVnwELmbBOKb_p4Zrf_s6h0cdlWJXQqRz4p2rAmVWQnJoLK7O5zRB97FdT_iATYs7Ny0CqWyyU4X0Ofh5BfB1KHNE7LYaOsG9YU-B1ocy4BGsWHlwfALeaStDYVK2UXxorT_ggCv80xGQ9zpG6A\" width=\"862\" height=\"317\" class=\"alignnone lazyload\" alt=\"\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEi6FTZ9Y6F-hJUKjczKbnCeHFtXEpUg8us8DmK_OZCRVnwELmbBOKb_p4Zrf_s6h0cdlWJXQqRz4p2rAmVWQnJoLK7O5zRB97FdT_iATYs7Ny0CqWyyU4X0Ofh5BfB1KHNE7LYaOsG9YU-B1ocy4BGsWHlwfALeaStDYVK2UXxorT_ggCv80xGQ9zpG6A\" width=\"862\" height=\"317\" class=\"alignnone lazyload\" alt=\"\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d (\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c), \u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><strong>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b a-b:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\frac{n_a}{s_a} + \\frac{n_b}{s_{ab}^\\prime} = \\frac{n_b - n_a}{R_c}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><strong>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b b-c:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\frac{n_b}{s_{b}} + \\frac{n_c}{s_{bc}^\\prime} = \\frac{n_c - n_b}{R_a}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u044b \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_a = n_c = n_{\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445}\\approx 1.0,<\/span><\/span> \u0442\u043e <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s_b = -s_{ab}^\\prime;<\/span><\/span> \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n\\displaystyle \\frac{1}{s_a} + \\frac{n_b}{s_{ab}^\\prime} &amp; \\displaystyle = \\frac{n_b - 1}{R_c} \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\displaystyle -\\frac{n_b}{s_{ab}^\\prime} + \\frac{1}{s_{bc}^\\prime} &amp; \\displaystyle= \\frac{1-n_b}{R_a}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0418 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u0438\u0445, \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n&amp;\\displaystyle \\frac{1}{s_a} + \\frac{1}{s_{bc}^\\prime} = \\frac{n_b-1}{R_c} + \\frac{1-n_b}{R_a} \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; \\displaystyle \\frac{1}{s_a} + \\frac{1}{s_{bc}^\\prime} = (n_b -1) \\left( \\frac{1}{R_a} - \\frac{1}{R_c} \\right)\n\n\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435; \u043c\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{ll}\n\ns_a = s &amp; R_a = R_1 \\\\ \\\\\n\ns_{bc}^\\prime = s^\\prime &amp; R_c =R_2 \\\\ \\\\\n\nn_b =n &amp;\n\n\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u00ab\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e\u00bb \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\displaystyle \\frac{1}{s} + \\frac{1}{s^\\prime} = (n -1) \\left( \\frac{1}{R_1} - \\frac{1}{R_2} \\right)\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u041d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437, \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435, \u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\displaystyle \\color{blue}{\\frac{1}{f} = (n -1) \\left( \\frac{1}{R_1} - \\frac{1}{R_2} \\right)}\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c <strong>\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"5\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QLn3Ml-Mrng&amp;t=1591s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u041e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435; \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEia8CpQNx2bWAqtwRIZHNcwK3w2WnxMgWC98tv9VmH4-XfBmHvxDZJ7wpZJciDFfCIqIDSN3xp4of9XV9ppTy8PY9AJ1oUUoGo57kMZb5GZhl4aqYzvc8pfYwaKJ07GB2XDMlwBknnUNmB1k_5uXfhmpVjZXrISt2sj_KkqzDZQ0_U5crTzrv_3l_QyvA\" width=\"576\" height=\"489\" class=\"alignnone lazyload\" alt=\"\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEia8CpQNx2bWAqtwRIZHNcwK3w2WnxMgWC98tv9VmH4-XfBmHvxDZJ7wpZJciDFfCIqIDSN3xp4of9XV9ppTy8PY9AJ1oUUoGo57kMZb5GZhl4aqYzvc8pfYwaKJ07GB2XDMlwBknnUNmB1k_5uXfhmpVjZXrISt2sj_KkqzDZQ0_U5crTzrv_3l_QyvA\" width=\"576\" height=\"489\" class=\"alignnone lazyload\" alt=\"\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u042d\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u043e\u0439.<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEggmEYClTymUmTSO0a8u5-I4jFIV9UFZNB_UC87-yD8ihh8WpKHcHtkQoyx23eCbfbbAFRh9BfsKVM-lsQDbug8KQKPZebKf6qKkXDeSPsSJCNxHE46VJqHO6A_LKxxdoAXLwk71TJMhLAMm6QRXy2-MqGjEOEHIGRMEgnMx1KFRc2g_s9y9D1O516kDw\" width=\"607\" height=\"685\" class=\"alignnone lazyload\" alt=\"\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEggmEYClTymUmTSO0a8u5-I4jFIV9UFZNB_UC87-yD8ihh8WpKHcHtkQoyx23eCbfbbAFRh9BfsKVM-lsQDbug8KQKPZebKf6qKkXDeSPsSJCNxHE46VJqHO6A_LKxxdoAXLwk71TJMhLAMm6QRXy2-MqGjEOEHIGRMEgnMx1KFRc2g_s9y9D1O516kDw\" width=\"607\" height=\"685\" class=\"alignnone lazyload\" alt=\"\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"6\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/h2>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<li>\u0418\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0447\u043e\u043a \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u00ab\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0451 \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 30[\u0441\u043c] \u043e\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u044b. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0432 1\/2 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430:\n<ol>\n<li type=\"a\">\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442.<\/li>\n<li type=\"a\">\u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u041e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439 7[\u0441\u043c] \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 13[\u0441\u043c] \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u044b \u0441 \u0444\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c 5[\u0441\u043c]. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0430 \u0441 \u0444\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c 2[\u0441\u043c] \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 30[\u0441\u043c] \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435.<\/li>\n<p><center><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tUQxvRPZo_A\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0422\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u044b: \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435: \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b (\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435), \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b. \u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c &#8211; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":27751,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":18,"footnotes":""},"categories":[845,645],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27762","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-845","category-645"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0422\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437\u044b: \u0412\u0441\u0451 \u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445 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