{"id":27545,"date":"2021-08-16T13:00:02","date_gmt":"2021-08-16T13:00:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/?p=27545"},"modified":"2024-08-06T14:26:36","modified_gmt":"2024-08-06T14:26:36","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b9%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b9%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><center><\/p>\n<h1>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h1>\n<p><em><strong>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a.<\/em>\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align:left;\">\n<li><strong>\u0641\u0647\u0645<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0641\u0647\u0645<\/strong> \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642<\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/strong> \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/strong> \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><u><strong>\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633<\/strong><\/u><br \/>\n<a href=\"#1\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#2\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#3\">\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#4\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0648\u064a<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#5\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#6\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#7\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#8\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#9\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s\\to +\\infty<\/span><\/span><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#10\">\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#11\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628\u0629<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#12\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Ze0lpO0gDys\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ze0lpO0gDys&amp;t=179s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637<\/strong><\/span><\/a> \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d <strong>\u0628\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a.<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0648<\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ze0lpO0gDys&amp;t=315s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 <strong>\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c<\/strong> \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629); \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0634\u0626\u062a\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646\u063a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 200px;\" ><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u062e\u0637 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f <strong>\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 <strong>\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621\u060c<\/strong> \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u064b\u0627; \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639; \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637\u062d \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0647.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647 <strong>\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637\u0629.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 <strong>\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621<\/strong> \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 <strong>\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621<\/strong> \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ze0lpO0gDys&amp;t=596s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646:<\/strong> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629:<\/strong> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s^\\prime<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s=-s^\\prime.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0648\u064a<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ze0lpO0gDys&amp;t=795s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u064a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta^\\prime =\\theta.<\/span><\/span> \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"5\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u00ab\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-mMoRSOOSEvk\/YRXkH9OiYDI\/AAAAAAAAFZg\/_dJmGpPbn30eWs4eZGlpOAjlTg1ZAd9FACLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/espejo-plano.PNG\" width=\"618\" height=\"264\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-mMoRSOOSEvk\/YRXkH9OiYDI\/AAAAAAAAFZg\/_dJmGpPbn30eWs4eZGlpOAjlTg1ZAd9FACLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/espejo-plano.PNG\" width=\"618\" height=\"264\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"6\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ze0lpO0gDys&amp;t=948s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-H1UGdQb5sgY\/YRbmbS-_H1I\/AAAAAAAAFZo\/x1cCRQAdXIYV6uMlWyAhQHbLa8_S13mkQCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/objeto-extendido-espejo%2Bplano.PNG\" width=\"618\" height=\"264\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-H1UGdQb5sgY\/YRbmbS-_H1I\/AAAAAAAAFZo\/x1cCRQAdXIYV6uMlWyAhQHbLa8_S13mkQCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/objeto-extendido-espejo%2Bplano.PNG\" width=\"618\" height=\"264\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><br \/>\n<a name=\"7\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p><a name=\"8\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p><center><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ze0lpO0gDys&amp;t=1092s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0644\u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">r.<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s^\\prime,<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-XVOtDyTIR_Q\/YRcog7ZzhuI\/AAAAAAAAFaI\/l20l-kAWQjUqthdJjouuFR6xuWYtKKjqgCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/objeto-espejo-esferico.PNG\" width=\"618\" height=\"264\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-XVOtDyTIR_Q\/YRcog7ZzhuI\/AAAAAAAAFaI\/l20l-kAWQjUqthdJjouuFR6xuWYtKKjqgCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/objeto-espejo-esferico.PNG\" width=\"618\" height=\"264\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0647\u0648 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\pi[rad],<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\begin{array}{lr}\n\n\\phi + \\theta + \\pi - \\beta =\\pi\\; &amp;\\Longrightarrow {\\beta = \\phi + \\theta}\\\\ \\\\\n\n\\alpha + \\theta + \\pi - \\phi =\\pi\\; &amp;\\Longrightarrow {\\theta = \\phi - \\alpha}\n\n\\end{array}\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0646 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\beta = 2\\phi - \\alpha <\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #88ff88;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\color{blue}{\\alpha + \\beta = 2\\phi}.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s<\/span><\/span> \u0648 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s^\\prime<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n\\tan(\\alpha) &amp;\\displaystyle = \\frac{h}{s - \\delta} \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\tan(\\beta) &amp;\\displaystyle = \\frac{h}{s^\\prime - \\delta} \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\tan(\\phi) &amp;\\displaystyle = \\frac{h}{s - \\delta}\n\n\\end{array}\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\alpha, \\beta<\/span><\/span> \u0648 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\phi<\/span><\/span> \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n\\delta &amp; \\approx 0 \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\alpha &amp;\\displaystyle \\approx \\tan(\\alpha) \\approx \\frac{h}{s} \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\beta &amp;\\displaystyle \\approx \\tan(\\beta) \\approx \\frac{h}{s^\\prime} \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\phi &amp;\\displaystyle \\approx \\tan(\\phi) \\approx \\frac{h}{r}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\displaystyle \\frac{h}{s}+\\frac{h}{s^\\prime}\\approx\\frac{2h}{r}\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">h<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle f = \\frac{r}{2}<\/span><\/span> \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><strong><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\displaystyle\\color{blue}{\\frac{1}{s}+\\frac{1}{s^\\prime}\\approx\\frac{1}{f}}\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u00ab\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u00bb \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">f<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0624\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"9\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s\\to+\\infty<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ze0lpO0gDys&amp;t=1748s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/a> <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s^\\prime<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s\\to+\\infty,<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle s^\\prime = \\frac{1}{\\frac{1}{f}-\\frac{1}{s}} =\\frac{sf}{s-f}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle\\lim_{s\\to +\\infty}s^\\prime = \\lim_{s\\to +\\infty}\\frac{sf}{s-f}=f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644:<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-DuLxeEzpreA\/YRiDferq6uI\/AAAAAAAAFag\/nJs3uKnA5cAqQ4xhFxGJVB715kRJ4NHFgCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/espejo-esferico-casolimite.PNG\" width=\"618\" height=\"264\" alt=\"\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-DuLxeEzpreA\/YRiDferq6uI\/AAAAAAAAFag\/nJs3uKnA5cAqQ4xhFxGJVB715kRJ4NHFgCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/espejo-esferico-casolimite.PNG\" width=\"618\" height=\"264\" alt=\"\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><br \/>\n<a name=\"10\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ze0lpO0gDys&amp;t=1878s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-dBrwLgxx-Hw\/YRif1YsG-JI\/AAAAAAAAFaw\/UURe6b9HaXoAlb-cKOM33EwZ0aFxAigMwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/objeto-extendido-espejo-esferico.PNG\" width=\"720\" height=\"594\" alt=\"\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-dBrwLgxx-Hw\/YRif1YsG-JI\/AAAAAAAAFaw\/UURe6b9HaXoAlb-cKOM33EwZ0aFxAigMwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/objeto-extendido-espejo-esferico.PNG\" width=\"720\" height=\"594\" alt=\"\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"11\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628\u0629<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ze0lpO0gDys&amp;t=2227s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a\u061b \u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-cfrp8zRyqOk\/YRinI5L1BkI\/AAAAAAAAFa4\/Uj1etPhThK8_Zr1N3vU7Sw2ua0U3svpgwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/reflejo%2Ben%2Bespejo%2Bconvexo.PNG\" width=\"869\" height=\"503\" alt=\"\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628\u0629\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-cfrp8zRyqOk\/YRinI5L1BkI\/AAAAAAAAFa4\/Uj1etPhThK8_Zr1N3vU7Sw2ua0U3svpgwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/reflejo%2Ben%2Bespejo%2Bconvexo.PNG\" width=\"869\" height=\"503\" alt=\"\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628\u0629\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u00ab\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629\u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a name=\"12\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ze0lpO0gDys&amp;t=2393s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644: \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u061f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u064b\u0627. \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 <strong>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><center><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-cRVOSOADzXI\/YRix4uOudBI\/AAAAAAAAFbA\/vgqeiZEXhGATgnNu3f2zSvL-H8Rp8VVRACLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/determinaci%25C3%25B3n%2Bdel%2Bcoeficiente%2Bde%2Bmagnificacion.PNG\" width=\"716\" height=\"488\" alt=\"\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0629\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-cRVOSOADzXI\/YRix4uOudBI\/AAAAAAAAFbA\/vgqeiZEXhGATgnNu3f2zSvL-H8Rp8VVRACLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/determinaci%25C3%25B3n%2Bdel%2Bcoeficiente%2Bde%2Bmagnificacion.PNG\" width=\"716\" height=\"488\" alt=\"\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0629\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">m=y^\\prime\/y<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\frac{y}{s} = \\frac{-y^\\prime}{s^\\prime}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">y^\\prime<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 (\u0645\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627)\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s<\/span><\/span> \u0648 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s^\\prime<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\color{blue}{m=\\frac{y^\\prime}{y} = - \\frac{s^\\prime}{s}}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0623\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646. \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle s^\\prime=\\frac{sf}{s-f}.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\color{blue}{m= - \\frac{1}{s}\\frac{sf}{s-f} = \\frac{f}{f-s}}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<li>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">|m|\\lt 1<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635; \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">|m|\\gt 1<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639; \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">|m|=1,<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">m\\gt 0<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a; \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">m\\lt 0<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">m=0.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635: \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":27537,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":54,"footnotes":""},"categories":[841,641],"tags":[],"citadela-post-location":[],"class_list":["post-27545","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-841","category-641"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 - toposuranos.com\/material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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