{"id":25190,"date":"2021-08-12T00:00:41","date_gmt":"2021-08-12T00:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/?p=25190"},"modified":"2024-05-21T09:43:19","modified_gmt":"2024-05-21T09:43:19","slug":"physical-dimensions-units-and-observable-quantities","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/en\/physical-dimensions-units-and-observable-quantities\/","title":{"rendered":"Physical Dimensions, Units, and Observable Quantities"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!DOCTYPE html><html lang=\"en\"><head><meta charset=\"UTF-8\"><meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\"><meta name=\"description\" content=\"A detailed exploration of physical dimensions and units of measurement, covering the concepts of physical quantities, fundamental and derived units, and the importance of observables in physics.\"><meta name=\"keywords\" content=\"physical dimensions, units of measurement, physical quantities, fundamental units, derived units, physical observables, international system of units, SI, metrology\"><title>Physical Dimensions, Units, and Observable Quantities<\/title><\/p>\n<style>table {\ndisplay: block;\noverflow: scroll;\n}\n<\/style>\n<p><\/head><body><\/p>\n<div style=\"background-color:#F3F3F3; padding:20px;\"><center><\/p>\n<h1>Physical Dimensions, Units, and Observable Quantities<\/h1>\n<p><strong>Summary:<\/strong><br \/>\nIn this class, you will learn to differentiate fundamental quantities such as mass, length, and time, and how they relate to derived units like area and force. You will discover the importance of comparable observable quantities in the laws of algebra and how to convert units between different measurement systems. This class also covers vector quantities, essential for the formulation of physical equations, preparing you for a deeper understanding of measurement in sciences.\n<\/p>\n<p><u><strong>TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/strong><\/u><br \/>\n<a href=\"#1\">What are units and physical dimensions?<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#2\">Fundamental units, derived units, and their physical dimensions<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#3\">Observables, quantities, and physical units<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#4\">Algebra of comparable observables<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#5\">Recommended Readings<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p><\/center><\/p>\n<p><center><br \/>\n<iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/WmhuV7rxL_0\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><br \/>\n<\/center>\n<\/div>\n<p><a name=\"1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>What Are Units and Physical Dimensions?<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Defining precisely what a <strong>physical dimension<\/strong> is can be complex. However, it is understood that physics deals with quantities that can be measured. These <strong>physical quantities<\/strong> are classified according to their <strong>dimension<\/strong> and are quantified by comparison with standard <strong>units<\/strong>. There are two main categories of units: the <strong>fundamental<\/strong> ones, such as the meter or the kilogram, and the <strong>derived<\/strong> ones, which are formed from the fundamental units through algebraic operations. The following table presents some of the fundamental units and their corresponding physical dimensions.<\/p>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #000000; color: #ffffff;\">Physical Dimensions<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #000000; color: #ffffff;\">Dimensional Symbol<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #000000; color: #ffffff;\">Fundamental Unit<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #000000; color: #ffffff;\">Unit Symbol<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\">Mass<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">M<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\">kilogram<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">kg<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\">Length<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">L<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\">meter<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">m<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\">second<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\">Electric Current Intensity<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">I<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\">ampere<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">A<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/tag\/temperature\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thermodynamic Temperature<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Theta<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\">kelvin<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">K<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/toposuranos.com\/tag\/mol\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amount of Substance<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">N<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\">mole<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">mol<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\">Luminous Intensity<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">I_v<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\">candela<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">cd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">It is a common mistake to directly associate physical quantities with physical dimensions. This association is valid for quantities measured with fundamental units such as mass or time. However, when it comes to quantities that use derived units, like force, the relationship is not direct. Force, for instance, does not have a dimension of its own; instead, it is composed of other basic dimensions.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Fundamental Units, Derived Units, and Their Physical Dimensions<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Each fundamental unit corresponds to a unique physical dimension, such as mass, length, or time. The dimensions of derived units result from the algebraic product of the dimensions of fundamental units. Let&#8217;s see some examples:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<li>The <strong>area<\/strong> is the product of two lengths and therefore its dimension is <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">L^2<\/span>, measurable in square meters (<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">m^2<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>volume<\/strong>, obtained from three lengths or an area multiplied by a length, has a dimension of <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">L^3<\/span> and is measured in cubic meters (<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">m^3<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>speed<\/strong>, defined as distance divided by time, has a dimension of <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">LT^{-1}<\/span> and is expressed in meters per second (<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">m\/s<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>acceleration<\/strong> is calculated as speed divided by time, with a dimension of <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">LT^{-2}<\/span> and is measured in meters per second squared (<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">m\/s^2<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>force<\/strong> is the result of mass times acceleration, giving rise to a dimension of <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">MLT^{-2}<\/span>. It is commonly measured in Newtons (<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">N<\/span>), represented by the formula:\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle N = \\frac{kg \\cdot m}{s^2}<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Similarly, many other magnitudes and physical dimensions can be derived.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Observables, Quantities, and Physical Units<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">We will continue to develop the concepts we have introduced. We refer to any property or phenomenon that can be measured, such as color, length, time, volume, or hardness, as a <strong>measurable quantity<\/strong>, or simply \u00abobservable\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Observables are divided into two categories: comparable and non-comparable. <strong>Comparable observables<\/strong> are those that can establish a quantitative relationship, for example, when the length of a beam is several times that of a pencil. On the other hand, color cannot be quantitatively compared; thus, while length is a comparable observable, color is non-comparable.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Algebra of Comparable Observables<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">The logic behind comparable observables is founded on principles of equality and addition:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<li><strong>Equality Criterion:<\/strong> Two comparable observables are equal if the ratio between one and the other equals one (<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\frac{A}{B} = 1<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Addition Criterion:<\/strong> If we have three comparable observables <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">A<\/span>, <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">B<\/span>, and <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">C<\/span> in relation to a fourth <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">O<\/span>, and the proportions <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\frac{A}{O} = n_1<\/span>, <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\frac{B}{O} = n_2<\/span>, and <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\frac{C}{O} = n_3<\/span> hold true, then we say that <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">A + B = C<\/span> if and only if <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_1 + n_2 = n_3<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">With these principles, it is demonstrated that comparable observables follow the algebraic laws of associativity, distributivity, and commutativity.<\/p>\n<h3>Units of Measurement and Physical Quantities<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">A <strong>unit of measurement<\/strong> is a comparable observable selected to establish comparisons with other observables of the same dimension. If two observables, <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">A<\/span> and <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">U_A<\/span>, are comparable, there exists a real number <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\alpha<\/span> such that <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">A<\/span> equals <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\alpha<\/span> times the unit of measurement <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">U_A<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">A = \\alpha U_A<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">For instance, if the length of a beam is 3 meters, we write that the length of the beam is <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">3 [m]<\/span>. The magnitude of a measurement varies according to the system of units used, which implies that the beam measuring <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">3<\/span> meters will have an approximate magnitude of <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">118.11<\/span> if measured in inches.<\/p>\n<h3>Conversion of Units of Measurement<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">As we have seen, an observable can be measured in different units as long as they share the same dimension. If <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">A<\/span> is an observable, and <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">U_1<\/span> and <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">U_2<\/span> are two units of measurement of the same dimension, there will be two corresponding real numbers <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\alpha_1<\/span> and <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\alpha_2<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">A = \\alpha_1 U_1<\/span> and <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">A = \\alpha_2 U_2<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Therefore, the conversion factor <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\gamma^2_1 = \\alpha_2 \/ \\alpha_1<\/span> allows for the transformation of unit <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">U_2<\/span> to <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">U_1<\/span>, and vice versa with <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\gamma^1_2 = \\alpha_1 \/ \\alpha_2<\/span>. For example, a rod measuring <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">5<\/span> inches in length is equivalent to <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0.127<\/span> meters, giving us a conversion factor of <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0.0254<\/span> meters per inch.<\/p>\n<h3>Vector Quantities<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">We have examined observables that are described by a single magnitude. However, there are observables like position in space that require several magnitudes for their complete description. These are known as <strong>vector quantities<\/strong> and are represented with multiple values. For example, an object positioned at <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">3<\/span> meters to the right, <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">5<\/span> meters forward, and <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">2<\/span> meters up is represented as <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(3, 5, 2)<\/span> meters.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">{position} = (3, 5, 2)<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">These quantities benefit from vector algebra, which simplifies their handling and application in physical formulas. A common example is force, represented as a vector with magnitude and direction, essential in many physical equations.<\/p>\n<h2>Recommended Readings<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left; color: #000000;\">International System of Weights and Measures: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cem.es\/sites\/default\/files\/siu8edes.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow, noreferrer, noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cem.es\/sites\/default\/files\/siu8edes.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left; color: #000000;\">Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI): <a href=\"https:\/\/physics.nist.gov\/cuu\/pdf\/sp811.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow, noreferrer, noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/physics.nist.gov\/cuu\/pdf\/sp811.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left; color: #000000;\">English System of Units: <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060427072134\/http:\/\/encyclopedie-es.snyke.com\/articles\/sistema_ingles.html\" rel=\"nofollow, noreferrer, noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060427072134\/http:\/\/encyclopedie-es.snyke.com\/articles\/sistema_ingles.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p><\/body><br \/>\n<\/html><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Physical Dimensions, Units, and Observable Quantities Physical Dimensions, Units, and Observable Quantities Summary: In this class, you will learn to differentiate fundamental quantities such as mass, length, and time, and how they relate to derived units like area and force. You will discover the importance of comparable observable quantities in the laws of algebra and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":25199,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":35,"footnotes":""},"categories":[651,635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25190","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fundamentals-of-mechanics","category-physics"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Physical Dimensions, Units, and Observable Quantities - toposuranos.com\/material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"With this class, you will master the concepts of dimensions and physical quantities. \ud83d\udd0dDiscover how to measure fundamental quantities.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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