{"id":30872,"date":"2021-07-03T13:00:56","date_gmt":"2021-07-03T13:00:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/?p=30872"},"modified":"2025-01-02T05:00:11","modified_gmt":"2025-01-02T05:00:11","slug":"%d0%bf%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b2%d1%8b%d0%b9-%d0%b7%d0%b0%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd-%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%bc%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b0%d0%bc%d0%b8%d0%ba%d0%b8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/ru\/%d0%bf%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b2%d1%8b%d0%b9-%d0%b7%d0%b0%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd-%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%bc%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b0%d0%bc%d0%b8%d0%ba%d0%b8\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\n    p, ul, ol {\n        text-align: justify;\n    }\n    h1, h2 {\n        text-align: center;\n    }\n<\/style>\n<h1>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\">\n    <em>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u043d \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c, \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043b\u044f\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0435\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432. \u0421 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445.<\/em>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>\u0423\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041f\u043e \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442:\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u041e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0412\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0435\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430-\u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0435\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0430\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\">\n    <strong><u>\u0421\u041e\u0414\u0415\u0420\u0416\u0410\u041d\u0418\u0415:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#1\">\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#2\">\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#3\">\u0422\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0435\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#4\">\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430-\u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#5\">\u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p><center><br \/>\n    <iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/T6K1Nizc5NE\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><br \/>\n<\/center><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/h2>\n<p>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=T6K1Nizc5NE&amp;t=140s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n        <strong>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/strong><br \/>\n    <\/a> \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442:\n<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #c0ffc0;\">\n                <span style=\"color: #000080;\">\u041f\u0415\u0420\u0412\u042b\u0419 \u0417\u0410\u041a\u041e\u041d \u0422\u0415\u0420\u041c\u041e\u0414\u0418\u041d\u0410\u041c\u0418\u041a\u0418<\/span><br \/>\n                <strong>\u042d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f; \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 (\u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435).<\/strong>\n            <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">U<\/span> \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0430 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">Q<\/span> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">W<\/span>. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430, \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Delta U = \\Delta Q + \\Delta W<\/span><\/span>,\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0433\u0434\u0435 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Delta Q<\/span><\/span> \u2014 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0430, \u0430 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Delta W<\/span><\/span> \u2014 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439. \u041f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Delta Q<\/span><\/span> \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443; \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Delta Q<\/span><\/span> \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0442\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Delta W<\/span><\/span> \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439; \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Delta W<\/span><\/span> \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0442\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0439.<\/p>\n<p>\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439, \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">dU = \\delta Q + \\delta W<\/span><\/span>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\delta<\/span> \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<p>\u0422\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0439. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">dU = \\delta W<\/span><\/span>. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c <strong>\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/strong>, \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0422\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0435\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/h2>\n<p>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=T6K1Nizc5NE&amp;t=677s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n        <strong>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c<\/strong><br \/>\n    <\/a>, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044b \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0430. \u0412 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">U=U(T,V)<\/span><\/span>. \u0414\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b, \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">U<\/span> \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T<\/span> \u0438 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">V<\/span> \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle dU = \\left(\\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial T}\\right)_V dT + \\left(\\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial V}\\right)_T dV<\/span><\/span>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">dU=\\delta Q + \\delta W<\/span><\/span> \u0438 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\delta W=-PdV<\/span><\/span>, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c <strong>\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/strong> \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n    \\begin{array}{rl}\n\n    \\delta Q &amp;= dU + PdV\\\\ \\\\\n\n    &amp; \\displaystyle  =\\left(\\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial T}\\right)_V dT + \\left(\\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial V}\\right)_T dV + PdV\\\\ \\\\\n\n    &amp; \\displaystyle =\\left(\\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial T}\\right)_V dT + \\left[\\left(\\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial V}\\right)_T + P\\right]dV \\\\ \\\\\n\n    \\displaystyle  \\frac{\\delta Q}{dT} &amp; \\displaystyle  =\\left(\\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial T}\\right)_V + \\left[\\left(\\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial V}\\right)_T + P\\right]\\frac{dV}{dT}.\n\n    \\end{array}\n\n    <\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n    \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0430.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n    \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445.\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u041e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c<\/h3>\n<p>\n    \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0435, \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0435\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0435: <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">C_V=(\\partial Q\/ \\partial T)_V<\/span><\/span>. \u0422\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u044b \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0435, \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">dV\/dT<\/span><\/span> \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\delta Q\/dT<\/span><\/span>. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle  C_V = \\left(\\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial T} \\right)_V<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u041e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h3>\n<p>\n    \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u043e:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle C_p =\\left(\\frac{\\partial Q}{\\partial T}\\right)_P=\\left(\\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial T}\\right)_V + \\left[\\left(\\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial V}\\right)_T + P\\right]\\left(\\frac{\\partial V}{\\partial T}\\right)_p<\/span><\/span>.\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0422\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0435\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430<\/h3>\n<p>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=T6K1Nizc5NE&amp;t=974s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n        <strong>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437<\/strong><br \/>\n    <\/a>. \u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u043e\u0439 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle U=\\frac{3}{2}Nk_BT<\/span>. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446.\n<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430-\u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438<\/h2>\n<p>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=T6K1Nizc5NE&amp;t=1027s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n        <strong>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b<\/strong><br \/>\n    <\/a> \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 <strong>\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430<\/strong> <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">e^{-E\/(k_BT)}<\/span><\/span>. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle  E_{cin}=\\frac{1}{2}mv^2<\/span><\/span>, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u0439 (\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0441\u044c <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\hat{x}<\/span><\/span>), \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">e^{-mv_x^2\/(2k_BT)}<\/span><\/span>. \u0422\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">g(v_x)= A e^{-mv_x^2\/(2k_BT)}<\/span><\/span>,\n<\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0433\u0434\u0435 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">A<\/span> \u2014 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">g(v_x)<\/span><\/span> \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle\\int_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty} g(v_x)dv_x= 1<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n    \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0430\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle\\int_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty} e^{-x^2}dx= \\sqrt{\\pi}<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0418\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle 1= \\int_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty} Ae^{\\frac{-mv_x^2}{2k_BT}}dv_x= A\\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi}{m\/(2k_BT)}} = A\\sqrt{\\frac{2\\pi k_BT}{m}}<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle  g(v_x) = \\sqrt{\\frac{m}{2\\pi k_BT}}e^{-mv_x^2\/(2k_BT)}<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u044c <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\hat{x}<\/span><\/span>, <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\left\\langle v_x^2\\right\\rangle<\/span><\/span>. \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\left\\langle v_x^2\\right\\rangle = \\int_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty} v_x^2 g(v_x) dv_x = \\sqrt{\\frac{m}{2\\pi k_BT}} \\int_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty} v_x^2 e^{-mv_x^2\/(2k_BT)} = \\frac{k_BT}{m} <\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle  \\left\\langle v^2\\right\\rangle = \\left\\langle v_x^2\\right\\rangle + \\left\\langle v_y^2\\right\\rangle + \\left\\langle v_z^2\\right\\rangle<\/span><\/span>, \u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043a\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle  \\left\\langle E_{cin}\\right\\rangle =\\frac{1}{2}m\\left\\langle v^2\\right\\rangle  = \\frac{1}{2}m \\cdot 3\\frac{k_BT}{m}= \\frac{3}{2}k_BT<\/span><\/span>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n    \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438\u00bb. \u0418\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">N<\/span> \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u0441 \u043a\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\left\\langle E_{cin}\\right\\rangle<\/span><\/span>, \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0442\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle  U=3Nk_BT\/2<\/span>, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\left(\\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial V}\\right)_T = 0<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430<\/h3>\n<p>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=T6K1Nizc5NE&amp;t=1027s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n        <strong>\u0412\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430<\/strong><br \/>\n    <\/a> <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">PV=Nk_BT =nRT<\/span><\/span>. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c, \u0442\u043e:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle  V= \\frac{nRT}{P}<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle  \\left(\\frac{\\partial V}{\\partial T} \\right)_P = \\frac{nR}{P}<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">C_V<\/span><\/span> \u0438 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">C_P<\/span><\/span>, \u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n    \\begin{array}{rl}\n\n    C_P - C_V &amp; \\displaystyle = \\left[\\left(\\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial V} \\right)_T + P \\right]\\left(\\frac{\\partial V}{\\partial T} \\right)_P = P\\cdot \\frac{nR}{P} = nR\n\n    \\end{array}\n\n    <\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0414\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0442\u043e <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle  C_V=(\\partial U \/ \\partial T)_V<\/span><\/span> \u0438 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">U=3Nk_BT\/2=3nRT\/2<\/span><\/span>, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n    \\displaystyle  C_V = \\frac{3}{2}nR\n\n    <\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n    C_P = C_V + nR = \\displaystyle  \\frac{3}{2}nR + nR = \\frac{5}{2}nR\n\n    <\/span>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0410\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/h3>\n<p>\n    \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">C_P<\/span><\/span> \u043a <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">C_V<\/span><\/span>, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. <strong>\u0410\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/strong> <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\gamma<\/span> \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n    \\gamma = \\displaystyle  \\frac{C_P}{C_V}\n\n    <\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n    <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n    \\gamma = \\displaystyle \\frac{5}{3}\n\n    <\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"5\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>\n        \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">dU=C_VdT<\/span><\/span>? \u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0441 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442.\n    <\/li>\n<li>\n        \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">U=C_VT<\/span><\/span>. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435:<\/p>\n<ol type=\"i\">\n<li>\u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044e\u044e \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b.<\/li>\n<li>\u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044e\u044e \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0430.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n        \u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043c\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0446\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435, \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043c, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T_0<\/span><\/span> \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u0413\u0430\u0437 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0430 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">V_1<\/span><\/span> \u0434\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0430 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">V_2<\/span><\/span>, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430. <\/p>\n<ol type=\"i\">\n<li>\u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430?<\/li>\n<li>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0433\u0430\u0437.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n        \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n            <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\frac{R}{C_V} = \\gamma-1<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n            <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\frac{R}{C_P} = \\frac{\\gamma -1}{\\gamma}<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/p>\n<p>\n            \u0433\u0434\u0435 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">C_V<\/span><\/span> \u0438 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">C_P<\/span><\/span> \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0435\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.\n        <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u043d \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c, \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043b\u044f\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0435\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432. \u0421 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30854,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[929,645],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30872","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-929","category-645"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 - toposuranos.com\/material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0423\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 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