{"id":30808,"date":"2021-04-26T13:00:53","date_gmt":"2021-04-26T13:00:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/?p=30808"},"modified":"2025-01-01T23:58:07","modified_gmt":"2025-01-01T23:58:07","slug":"%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%81%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b1%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%86%d0%bc%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d0%b2-%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%81","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/ru\/%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%81%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b1%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%86%d0%bc%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d0%b2-%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%81\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u0435"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\n\tp, ul, ol {\n\t\ttext-align: justify;\n\t}\n\th1, h2 {\n\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t}\n<\/style>\n<h1>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u0435<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u2014 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445. \u0412\u044b \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0445\u0430\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>\u0426\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442:\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439 (\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0412\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong><u>\u0421\u041e\u0414\u0415\u0420\u0416\u0410\u041d\u0418\u0415:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"#1\">\u0410\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#2\">\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#3\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#4\">\u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p><center><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ch1bjhU7k70\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u044f\u00bb. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u044c, \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f 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\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 (\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f). \u0412\u0434\u043e\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043c\u0438, <a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0414\u0436\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0439\u044f_\u0423\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0434_\u0413\u0438\u0431\u0431\u0441\" rel=\"noopener, nofollow, noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0413\u0438\u0431\u0431\u0441<\/a> \u0432\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0432 1878 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u044f\u00bb: \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b\u00bb, \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0435\u0451 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0412 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u041c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u044c:<\/strong> \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u044c:<\/strong> \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u044b \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 (\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442) \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u044c:<\/strong> \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c (\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438), \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u041a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u044c<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ch1bjhU7k70&amp;t=362s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b<\/strong><\/a>, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439, \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043c \u0435\u0451 <strong>\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u0430\u0440, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 <strong>\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430.<\/strong> \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u0430\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443. \u0427\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0435, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439, \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0438 \u043c\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0451 <strong>\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Omega=1.<\/span> \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043c\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">E.<\/span>\n<p><em>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435, \u043c\u044b \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u0430\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u044c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0451\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\varepsilon,<\/span>, \u0442\u043e \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">E - \\varepsilon.<\/span> \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f <strong>\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ch1bjhU7k70&amp;t=528s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">P(\\varepsilon)<\/span>, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430<\/strong><\/a> \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\varepsilon<\/span>, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0443, \u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435. \u0422\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">P(\\varepsilon)\\propto \\Omega(E-\\varepsilon)\\cdot 1.<\/span>\n<p>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u044b \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Omega<\/span> \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\frac{1}{k_B T} = \\frac{d\\ln\\Omega}{dE}<\/span>\n<p>\u0418 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\varepsilon \\ll E,<\/span>, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\ln\\Omega(E-\\varepsilon)<\/span> \u0432 \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0422\u0435\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\varepsilon = 0.<\/span> \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\ln\\Omega(E-\\varepsilon) = \\ln\\Omega(E) - \\frac{d\\ln\\Omega(E)}{dE}\\varepsilon + \\cdots<\/span>\n<p>\u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\ln\\Omega(E-\\varepsilon) = \\ln\\Omega(E) - \\frac{\\varepsilon}{k_B T} + \\cdots<\/span>\n<p>\u0413\u0434\u0435 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T<\/span> \u2014 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\ln \\Omega(E-\\varepsilon) \\approx \\ln\\Omega(E) - \\displaystyle \\frac{\\varepsilon}{k_B T}<\/span>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c \u043a \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Omega(E-\\varepsilon) \\approx \\Omega(E) e^{-\\displaystyle \\frac{\\varepsilon}{k_B T}}<\/span>\n<p>\u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c, \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">P(\\varepsilon)<\/span>, \u043c\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">P(\\varepsilon)\\propto e^{-\\varepsilon\/(k_B T)}<\/span>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T<\/span> \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\varepsilon<\/span> \u043d\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430; \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f <strong>\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 <strong>\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c<\/strong> \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u044f. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">e^{-\\varepsilon\/(k_B T)}<\/span> \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u043a\u0430\u043a <strong>\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>\u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ch1bjhU7k70&amp;t=890s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>\u0421 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438<\/strong><\/a> \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T.<\/span> \u0423 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u043d\u0441 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u044c \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\varepsilon<\/span>, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0439 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">k_B T<\/span>, \u043d\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0443\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c; \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">r<\/span> \u0441 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">E_r<\/span>, \u0442\u043e:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">P({microstate\\;}r)= \\displaystyle \\frac{e^{-E_r\/(k_B T)}}{\\displaystyle \\sum_{i}e^{-E_i\/(k_B T)}}<\/span>\n<p>\u0421\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">P<\/span> \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a <strong>\u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/strong> \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">Z<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">Z = \\displaystyle \\sum_i e^{-E_i\/(k_B T)}<\/span>\n<p><center><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/lDtYzvXiNb4\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430<\/h2>\n<p>\u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043c\u044b \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c. \u0424\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\beta<\/span> \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\beta =\\displaystyle  \\frac{1}{k_B T},<\/span>\n<p>\u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\beta = \\displaystyle \\frac{d\\ln\\Omega}{dE},<\/span>\n<h4>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438<\/h4>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439: \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u2014 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span>, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0441 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\varepsilon\\gt 0.<\/span> \u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b?<\/p>\n<h4>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/h4>\n<p>\u0423\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b \u2014 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u044b. \u041a\u0430\u043a, \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435?<\/p>\n<h4>\u041e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430! \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439<\/h4>\n<p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">E_{act}<\/span>, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1\/2 [eV]<\/span>. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T=300[K],<\/span> \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">e^{-E_{act}\/(k_B T)}<\/span>\n<p>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 10[K]?<\/p>\n<p><center><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Pmthx9bQdO0\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h2>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify; color:#000000;\">\n<li>\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">N<\/span> \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0<\/span> \u0438\u043b\u0438 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Delta.<\/span> \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Omega(E)<\/span> \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">E=r\\Delta<\/span> (\u0433\u0434\u0435 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">r<\/span> \u2014 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e) \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c:\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Omega(E) =\\displaystyle \\frac{N!}{r!(N-r)!}<\/span>\n<p>\u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s\\Delta<\/span>, \u0433\u0434\u0435 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s\\ll r.<\/span> \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Omega(E-\\varepsilon) \\approx \\Omega(E)\\displaystyle \\frac{r^s}{(N-r)^s} <\/span>\n<p>\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\frac{1}{k_B T}  = \\frac{1}{\\Delta}\\ln \\left(\\frac{N-r}{r} \\right) <\/span>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">k_B T<\/span> \u043e\u0442 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">r<\/span> \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">r=0<\/span> \u0434\u043e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">r=N<\/span> \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b.\n<\/li>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<li>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">2[eV]<\/span> \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">a) \u0412\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Omega<\/span> \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430? <\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">b) \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043d, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 FM (\u0441 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">100[MHz]<\/span>). \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 FM. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">E=hf<\/span>, \u0433\u0434\u0435 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">f<\/span> \u2014 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b, \u0430 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">h=4,135\\;667\\;696 \\cdot 10^{-15}[eV \\cdot s]<\/span> \u2014 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u041f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<li>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044e\u044e \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044e <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\lt{E}\\gt<\/span> \u0434\u043b\u044f:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">a) \u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n<\/span> \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0, \\varepsilon, 2\\varepsilon, 3\\varepsilon, \\cdots , n\\varepsilon.<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">b) \u0413\u0430\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">0, \\varepsilon, 2\\varepsilon, 3\\varepsilon, \\cdots <\/span> (\u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1YU3OV7gGxLo-mINPLSMcSc0U7ki3zaqX\/view?usp=sharing\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>\u0414\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u0435 \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u2014 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445. \u0412\u044b \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30796,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":10,"footnotes":""},"categories":[929,645],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30808","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-929","category-645"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u0435 - toposuranos.com\/material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0423\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a 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