{"id":30772,"date":"2021-05-07T13:00:46","date_gmt":"2021-05-07T13:00:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/?p=30772"},"modified":"2025-01-01T19:04:31","modified_gmt":"2025-01-01T19:04:31","slug":"%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bf%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%be%d0%b5-%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b2%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bc%d0%bf%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b8-%d0%b5%d1%91","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/ru\/%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bf%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%be%d0%b5-%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b2%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bc%d0%bf%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b8-%d0%b5%d1%91\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0422\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0451 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\n\tp, ul, ol {\n\t\ttext-align: justify;\n\t}\n\th1, h2 {\n\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t}\n<\/style>\n<h1>\u0422\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0451 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0451 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0448\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u041a\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0426\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442:\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u041f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><u>\u0421\u041e\u0414\u0415\u0420\u0416\u0410\u041d\u0418\u0415:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"#1\">\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#2\">\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430: \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0438<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p><center><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7LPUN_vBoXE\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7LPUN_vBoXE&amp;t=218s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b<\/strong><\/a>, \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-kL0Rr2L4wys\/YJPlhBUTueI\/AAAAAAAAFEw\/OWpuyASOdGANXsSG5O-d09ed034DtMTuwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/contacto%2Btermico.PNG\" alt=\"\u0422\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\" class=\"aligncenter lazyload\" width=\"372\" height=\"158\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-kL0Rr2L4wys\/YJPlhBUTueI\/AAAAAAAAFEw\/OWpuyASOdGANXsSG5O-d09ed034DtMTuwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/contacto%2Btermico.PNG\" alt=\"\u0422\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\" class=\"aligncenter lazyload\" width=\"372\" height=\"158\" \/><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p>\u0421 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">E=E_1+E_2<\/span> \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0440\u0451\u0445 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0439: <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">E, E_1<\/span> \u0438\u043b\u0438 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">E_2<\/span>. \u0421 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">E_1<\/span> \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Omega_1(E_1)<\/span> \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">E_2<\/span> \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Omega_2(E_2)<\/span> \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Omega_1(E_1)\\Omega_2(E_2)<\/span> \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439.<\/p>\n<h3>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0438<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7LPUN_vBoXE&amp;t=392s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439<\/strong><\/a> \u0434\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <strong>\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u044f<\/strong>, \u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439-\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">E_1<\/span> \u0438 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">E_2<\/span> \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0418\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0427\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0451\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u042d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0438, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435\u00bb \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u00bb. \u0422\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430: \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0438<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7LPUN_vBoXE&amp;t=617s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>\u0412 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043b<\/strong><\/a>, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Omega_1(E_1)\\Omega_2(E_2)<\/span>. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438, \u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.<\/p>\n<p>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n(1) &amp; \\dfrac{d}{dE_1}\\left[  \\Omega_1(E_1) \\Omega_2(E_2) \\right] = 0 \\\\\n\n&amp; \\text{; \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e} \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; \\dfrac{d\\Omega_1(E_1)}{dE_1} \\Omega_2(E_2) + \\Omega_1(E_1) \\dfrac{d\\Omega_2(E_2)}{E_2}\\dfrac{dE_2}{dE_1} = 0 \\\\\n\n&amp; \\text{; \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e} \\\\ \\\\\n\n(2) &amp; E = E_1 + E_2 = \\text{\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430} \\\\\n\n&amp; \\text{; \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435} \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; E_2 = E - E_1 \\\\ \\\\\n\n(3) &amp; \\dfrac{dE_2}{dE_1} = \\dfrac{d}{dE_1} (E - E_1) = -1\\;\\text{; \u0438\u0437 (2)} \\\\ \\\\\n\n(4) &amp; \\dfrac{d\\Omega_1}{dE_1}\\Omega_2 - \\Omega_1 \\dfrac{d\\Omega_2}{dE_2} = 0\\;\\text{; \u0438\u0437 (1) \u0438 (3)} \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; \\dfrac{d\\Omega_1}{dE_1} \\Omega_2 = \\Omega_1 \\dfrac{d\\Omega_2}{dE_2} \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; \\dfrac{1}{\\Omega_1} \\dfrac{d\\Omega_1}{dE_1} = \\dfrac{1}{\\Omega_2} \\dfrac{d\\Omega_2}{dE_2} \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; \\dfrac{d\\ln(\\Omega_1)}{dE_1} = \\dfrac{d\\ln(\\Omega_2)}{dE_2}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n<p>\u0418\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435, \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442, \u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c <strong>\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>\u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7LPUN_vBoXE&amp;t=972s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442, \u043c\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430<\/strong><\/a> \u00ab\u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443\u00bb \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">d\\ln\\Omega\/dE<\/span> \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T<\/span> (\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T_1 = T_2<\/span>). \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\frac{1}{k_B T} = \\frac{d\\ln\\Omega}{dE}<\/span>\n<p>\u0433\u0434\u0435 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">k_B=1.3807\\cdot 10^{-23}[J\/K]<\/span> \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e <strong>\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0421 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">T<\/span>, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043c\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0451 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044b \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a <strong>\u0448\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0443 \u041a\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0422\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0451 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0451 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0448\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u041a\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0426\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30760,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[929,645],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30772","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-929","category-645"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0422\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0451 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 - toposuranos.com\/material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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