{"id":27732,"date":"2021-10-06T13:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-06T13:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/?p=27732"},"modified":"2024-08-11T17:01:18","modified_gmt":"2024-08-11T17:01:18","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%83%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%83%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><center><\/p>\n<h1>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h1>\n<p><em><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 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href=\"#8\"><strong>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/13kntUA9n-I\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><br \/>\n<\/center><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=13kntUA9n-I&amp;t=146s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631\u061b<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 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\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=13kntUA9n-I&amp;t=235s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0633\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">R<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_b<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0630\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_a.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-x0g44iZ6LDo\/YVuDO2nkD3I\/AAAAAAAAFmk\/8gQHFBnQxvEG-5B6XUAgTTZHtxntx6YogCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/inteface%2Besf%25C3%25A9rica.PNG\" width=\"987\" height=\"371\" alt=\"\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-x0g44iZ6LDo\/YVuDO2nkD3I\/AAAAAAAAFmk\/8gQHFBnQxvEG-5B6XUAgTTZHtxntx6YogCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/inteface%2Besf%25C3%25A9rica.PNG\" width=\"987\" height=\"371\" alt=\"\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rll}\n\n{(1)}&amp; \\theta_a &amp; =\\alpha + \\phi \\\\ \\\\\n\n{(2)}&amp; \\phi &amp; =\\beta + \\theta_b\n\n\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-0ILYFKDJRo0\/YVvJaKwoZxI\/AAAAAAAAFms\/arUYkIwSz18wvNntSE_WHuknjoYolOXSQCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/triangulorectangulo-optica.PNG\" width=\"346\" height=\"148\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-0ILYFKDJRo0\/YVvJaKwoZxI\/AAAAAAAAFms\/arUYkIwSz18wvNntSE_WHuknjoYolOXSQCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/triangulorectangulo-optica.PNG\" width=\"346\" height=\"148\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n&amp; \\alpha + \\phi + (\\pi - \\theta_a) = \\pi\\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; \\alpha + \\phi - \\theta_a = 0 \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; \\color{blue}{\\theta_a = \\alpha + \\phi}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629:<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-R5siuLq4gJs\/YVvJ22k7m6I\/AAAAAAAAFm0\/D6gmIAHjXFY4cNmUwrnq4yvxQ_2PcBSjgCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/triangulorectangulo-optica2.PNG\" width=\"329\" height=\"216\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-R5siuLq4gJs\/YVvJ22k7m6I\/AAAAAAAAFm0\/D6gmIAHjXFY4cNmUwrnq4yvxQ_2PcBSjgCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/triangulorectangulo-optica2.PNG\" width=\"329\" height=\"216\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n&amp; \\beta + \\theta_b + (\\pi - \\phi) = \\pi\\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp;  \\beta + \\theta_b - \\phi = 0\\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; \\color{blue}{\\phi = \\beta + \\theta_b }\n\n\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-x0g44iZ6LDo\/YVuDO2nkD3I\/AAAAAAAAFmk\/8gQHFBnQxvEG-5B6XUAgTTZHtxntx6YogCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/inteface%2Besf%25C3%25A9rica.PNG\" width=\"987\" height=\"371\" alt=\"\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-x0g44iZ6LDo\/YVuDO2nkD3I\/AAAAAAAAFmk\/8gQHFBnQxvEG-5B6XUAgTTZHtxntx6YogCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/inteface%2Besf%25C3%25A9rica.PNG\" width=\"987\" height=\"371\" alt=\"\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rll}\n\n{(3)}&amp;\\tan(\\alpha) &amp;=\\displaystyle \\frac{h}{s+\\delta}\\\\ \\\\\n\n{(4)}&amp;\\tan(\\beta) &amp;=\\displaystyle \\frac{h}{s^\\prime - \\delta}\\\\ \\\\\n\n{(5)}&amp;\\tan(\\phi) &amp;=\\displaystyle \\frac{h}{R - \\delta}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n{(6)} &amp;  n_a\\sin(\\theta_a) = n_b \\sin(\\theta_b)\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u062b <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_a<\/span><\/span> \u0648<span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_b<\/span><\/span> \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\alpha, \\beta<\/span><\/span> \u0648<span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\phi<\/span><\/span> \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n\\sin(\\theta_a) &amp;\\approx \\theta_a \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\sin(\\theta_b) &amp;\\approx \\theta_b \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\delta &amp;\\approx 0 \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\tan(\\alpha) &amp;\\approx \\alpha \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\tan(\\beta) &amp;\\approx \\beta \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\tan(\\phi) &amp;\\approx \\phi\n\n\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n{(7)} &amp; n_a \\theta_a \\approx n_b \\theta_b \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp;  \\theta_b \\approx \\displaystyle \\frac{n_a}{n_b} \\theta_a\n\n\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 (7)\u060c (1) \u0648(2) \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n{(8)} &amp; \\phi - \\beta \\approx \\displaystyle \\frac{n_a}{n_b}(\\alpha + \\phi) \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; \\phi \\approx \\beta + \\displaystyle  \\frac{n_a}{n_b}(\\alpha + \\phi) \\\\ \\\\\n\n{}\\equiv &amp;  n_b\\phi \\approx n_b\\beta + n_a \\alpha + n_a\\phi \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; \\color{blue}{n_a \\alpha + n_b\\beta \\approx (n_b - n_a) \\phi }\n\n\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 (8) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a (3)\u060c (4) \u0648(5)\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n{(9)} &amp; \\displaystyle n_a \\left( \\frac{\\color{red}{h}}{S + \\underbrace{\\delta}_{\\to 0}} \\right) + n_b \\left(\\frac{\\color{red}{h}}{S^\\prime - \\underbrace{\\delta}_{\\to 0} } \\right) \\approx (n_b - n_a) \\left(\\frac{\\color{red}{h}}{R-\\underbrace{\\delta}_{\\to 0}}\\right) \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; \\displaystyle \\color{blue}{\\frac{n_a}{S } + \\frac{ n_b}{S^\\prime } \\approx \\frac{n_b - n_a}{R} }\n\n\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 <strong>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"5\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=13kntUA9n-I&amp;t=1211s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-Nnk1qsJET0k\/YVvLLFbEWPI\/AAAAAAAAFm8\/zWNnZMpqHSMT_38PJgKqIhqzLO53CCMSwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/objeto-extendido-frente-interfaz-esferica.PNG\" width=\"1005\" height=\"409\" alt=\"\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-Nnk1qsJET0k\/YVvLLFbEWPI\/AAAAAAAAFm8\/zWNnZMpqHSMT_38PJgKqIhqzLO53CCMSwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/objeto-extendido-frente-interfaz-esferica.PNG\" width=\"1005\" height=\"409\" alt=\"\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">S<\/span><\/span> \u0648<span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">S^\\prime,<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n\\tan(\\theta_a) &amp; =\\displaystyle \\frac{y}{S} \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\tan(\\theta_b) &amp; =\\displaystyle - \\frac{y^\\prime}{S^\\prime}\n\n\\end{array}\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0633\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_a\\sin(\\theta_a) = n_b\\sin(\\theta_b). <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n\\sin(\\theta_a) &amp; \\approx \\tan(\\theta_a) \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\sin(\\theta_b) &amp; \\approx \\tan(\\theta_b)\n\n\\end{array}\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n&amp;\\displaystyle n_a \\frac{y}{S} \\approx- n_b \\dfrac{y^\\prime}{S^\\prime} \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\equiv &amp; \\displaystyle \\dfrac{y^\\prime}{y} \\approx - \\dfrac{n_a S^\\prime}{n_b S} \\\\ \\\\\n\n\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 (\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629) \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">m<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\nm=\\displaystyle \\frac{y^\\prime}{y}\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\displaystyle \\color{blue}{m\\approx -\\frac{n_a S^\\prime}{n_b S}}\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"6\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\begin{array}{rl}\n\n\\displaystyle \\dfrac{n_a}{S} + \\dfrac{n_b}{S^\\prime} &amp; \\approx \\dfrac{n_b - n_a}{R} \\\\ \\\\\n\nm &amp; \\displaystyle \\approx - \\dfrac{n_a S^\\prime}{n_b S}\n\n\\end{array}\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=13kntUA9n-I&amp;t=1682s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u064a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">S<\/span><\/span>:<\/strong> \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">S^\\prime<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">R<\/span><\/span>:<\/strong> \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">y<\/span><\/span> \u0648<span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">y^\\prime<\/span><\/span>:<\/strong> \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a name=\"7\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=13kntUA9n-I&amp;t=1897s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\frac{n_a}{S } + \\frac{ n_b}{S^\\prime} = \\lim_{R\\to \\infty} \\frac{n_a}{S } + \\frac{ n_b}{S^\\prime } \\approx \\lim_{R\\to \\infty} \\frac{n_b - n_a}{R} = 0\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">m=1\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"8\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/h2>\n<p><center><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/bwGJYhN3Gv8\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<li>\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647<center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-ayoBx1gP-cM\/YVvMd0Dv6rI\/AAAAAAAAFnE\/TBz3MtCOMvw5SxoNk0XlR70M11UCopfbACLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/varilla-de-vidrio1.PNG\" width=\"945\" height=\"327\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-ayoBx1gP-cM\/YVvMd0Dv6rI\/AAAAAAAAFnE\/TBz3MtCOMvw5SxoNk0XlR70M11UCopfbACLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/varilla-de-vidrio1.PNG\" width=\"945\" height=\"327\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0639\u062f 30[\u0633\u0645] \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">R=1,5[\u0633\u0645],<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">1[\u0633\u0645]<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">30[\u0633\u0645],<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629.<center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-2Zr1OfLvpAU\/YVvM1MQr1UI\/AAAAAAAAFnM\/9HCljhcB8Ss97L3tLzyXM2E3JzqioJNHgCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/varilla-de-vidrio2.PNG\" width=\"948\" height=\"446\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-2Zr1OfLvpAU\/YVvM1MQr1UI\/AAAAAAAAFnM\/9HCljhcB8Ss97L3tLzyXM2E3JzqioJNHgCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/varilla-de-vidrio2.PNG\" width=\"948\" height=\"446\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u0647. \u0643\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639. \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u061f<center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-G8Lr7rWgyCw\/YVvNQqC6rLI\/AAAAAAAAFnU\/mF2xOr5TPPgG62N8FZqQYijhYQg8_co0ACLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/profundidad-real-y-aparente.PNG\" width=\"957\" height=\"658\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-G8Lr7rWgyCw\/YVvNQqC6rLI\/AAAAAAAAFnU\/mF2xOr5TPPgG62N8FZqQYijhYQg8_co0ACLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/profundidad-real-y-aparente.PNG\" width=\"957\" height=\"658\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635: \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645: \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":27723,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":12,"footnotes":""},"categories":[841,641],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27732","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-841","category-641"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 - toposuranos.com\/material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 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