{"id":27695,"date":"2021-09-18T13:00:39","date_gmt":"2021-09-18T13:00:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/?p=27695"},"modified":"2024-08-10T23:45:08","modified_gmt":"2024-08-10T23:45:08","slug":"%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d1%81%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%82%d0%b0-%d0%b8-%d0%b7%d0%b0%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd-%d1%81%d0%bd%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%bb%d0%b0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/ru\/%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d1%81%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%82%d0%b0-%d0%b8-%d0%b7%d0%b0%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd-%d1%81%d0%bd%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%bb%d0%b0\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><center><\/p>\n<h1>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430<\/h1>\n<p><em><strong>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430. \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0424\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430, \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0423\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align:left\">\n<li><strong>\u041f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0445.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f \u0424\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438, \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0414\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0424\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u0443\u0433\u043b\u044b \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/strong> \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"#1\"><strong>\u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#2\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f \u0424\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#3\">\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#4\"><strong>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#5\"><strong>\u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/LxhWbErujpo\" title=\"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0433\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c YouTube \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LxhWbErujpo&amp;t=186s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u043a \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0439 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_k:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_k=\\displaystyle \\frac{c}{c_k}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0433\u0434\u0435 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">c<\/span><\/span> \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0443\u043c\u0435, \u0430 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">c_k<\/span><\/span> \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">k.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0443\u043c\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d 1.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f \u0424\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LxhWbErujpo&amp;t=397s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043d \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0427\u0435\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439; \u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f \u0424\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000; background-color: #80ff80;\">\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443\u044e, \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LxhWbErujpo&amp;t=608s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0418\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0424\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430<\/span><\/strong><\/a>, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e, \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u0447 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043a \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0443\u0447 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 A \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 B, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_1<\/span><\/span> \u0438 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_2<\/span><\/span> \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e. \u041d\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c \u2014 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0443 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0424\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0443:<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-1CdoEOp5SHc\/YUDNPnQyOxI\/AAAAAAAAFjE\/RG-kYgV4KKwAE3QwiM9nB3cA-OOXesONQCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/n1n2leydeSnell.PNG\" width=\"875\" height=\"518\" alt=\"\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-1CdoEOp5SHc\/YUDNPnQyOxI\/AAAAAAAAFjE\/RG-kYgV4KKwAE3QwiM9nB3cA-OOXesONQCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/n1n2leydeSnell.PNG\" width=\"875\" height=\"518\" alt=\"\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430. \u0423 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}{\u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f} &amp; =\\displaystyle \\frac{{\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435}}{{\u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c}} \\\\ \\\\ &amp; \\displaystyle =\\frac{{\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 1}}{{\u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 1}} + \\frac{{\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 2}}{{\u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 2}}\\\\ \\\\&amp; =\\displaystyle \\frac{\\sqrt{a^2 + x^2}}{c_1} + \\frac{\\sqrt{b^2 + (d-x)^2}}{c_2}\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 A \u0438 B, \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">x<\/span><\/span>, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u0447 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0421 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">t(x)<\/span><\/span> \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">t(x) = \\displaystyle \\frac{1}{c_1}\\sqrt{a^2 + x^2} + \\frac{1}{c_2}\\sqrt{b^2 + (d-x)^2}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f \u0424\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438, \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">x<\/span><\/span>, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">t(x).<\/span><\/span> \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0414\u0438\u0444\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">t<\/span><\/span> \u043f\u043e <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">x<\/span><\/span>, \u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\begin{array}{rl}\\dfrac{dt}{dx} &amp;\\displaystyle = \\frac{1}{c_1}\\frac{d}{dx}\\sqrt{a^2 + x^2} + \\frac{1}{c_2}\\frac{d}{dx}\\sqrt{b^2+(d-x)^2}\\\\ \\\\ &amp;\\displaystyle = \\frac{1}{c_1} \\frac{2x}{2\\sqrt{a^2 + x^2}} + \\frac{1}{c_2}\\frac{2(d-x)(-1)}{2\\sqrt{b^2+(d-x)^2}} \\\\ \\\\ &amp;\\displaystyle = \\frac{1}{c_1} \\frac{x}{\\sqrt{a^2 + x^2}} - \\frac{1}{c_2}\\frac{(d-x)}{\\sqrt{b^2+(d-x)^2}} \\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\\sin(\\theta_1) &amp;\\displaystyle =\\frac{x}{\\sqrt{a^2 + x^2}}\\\\ \\\\ \\sin(\\theta_2) &amp;\\displaystyle = \\frac{(d-x)}{\\sqrt{b^2+(d-x)^2}} \\\\ \\\\ c_1 &amp; \\displaystyle = \\frac{c}{n_1} \\\\ \\\\ c_2 &amp; \\displaystyle = \\frac{c}{n_2} \\end{array} <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043c\u044b \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\frac{dt}{dx} = \\frac{n_1}{c} \\sin(\\theta_1) - \\frac{n_2}{c}\\sin(\\theta_2)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u041d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">x<\/span><\/span> \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">t(x),<\/span><\/span> \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044e, \u0438 \u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\color{blue}{n_1 \\sin(\\theta_1) = n_2 \\sin(\\theta_2)}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_1<\/span><\/span> \u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_2.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LxhWbErujpo&amp;t=1614s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u041c\u044b \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442<\/span> <\/strong><\/a>\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443\u044e, \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0438 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u0447 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">a<\/span><\/span> \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">b<\/span><\/span> \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_a<\/span><\/span> \u0438 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_b<\/span><\/span> \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_a \\gt n_b,<\/span><\/span> \u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\sin(\\theta_b) = \\frac{n_a}{n_b}\\sin(\\theta_a)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_a\/n_b \\gt 1,<\/span><\/span> \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\sin(\\theta_b) \\gt \\sin(\\theta_a),<\/span><\/span> \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u0447 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_a\\lt 90^o<\/span><\/span>, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\sin(\\theta_b)=1,<\/span><\/span> \u0438, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_b=90^o,<\/span><\/span> \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0435.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0423\u0433\u043e\u043b \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u0447 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\sin(\\theta_{\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439}) = \\frac{n_b}{n_a}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0427\u0442\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\theta_{\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439} = \\arcsin\\left( \\frac{n_b}{n_a} \\right)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_a \\gt \\theta_{\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439},<\/span><\/span> \u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/h2>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<li>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u0447, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0435:<br \/>\n<center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-98FbTK-_FZo\/YT-61nYxRnI\/AAAAAAAAFiM\/JbBsuAnS6IA8aB-4hvroeZ1qDF2ebxQUwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/n1n2snell.PNG\" width=\"442\" height=\"321\" alt=\"\u0421\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u0447, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u043e\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-98FbTK-_FZo\/YT-61nYxRnI\/AAAAAAAAFiM\/JbBsuAnS6IA8aB-4hvroeZ1qDF2ebxQUwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/n1n2snell.PNG\" width=\"442\" height=\"321\" alt=\"\u0421\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u0447, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u043e\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><br \/>\n\u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_1 = 1.33,<\/span><\/span> \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_2=1.52.<\/span><\/span> \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u0447, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u043e, \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u043c <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_1 = 60^o<\/span><\/span> \u043a \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u043c <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_2<\/span><\/span> \u0432\u044b\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u0447? <span class=\"collapseomatic \" id=\"id69e0398d74e95\"  tabindex=\"0\" title=\"\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\"    >\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/span><div id=\"target-id69e0398d74e95\" class=\"collapseomatic_content \">\n\u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430, \u043c\u044b \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(1)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_1 \\sin(\\theta_1) = n_2 \\sin(\\theta_2)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\equiv <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\sin(\\theta_2) = \\frac{n_1}{n_2}\\sin(\\theta_1)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\equiv <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\theta_2 = \\arcsin\\left(\\frac{n_1}{n_2}\\sin(\\theta_1)\\right)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(2)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_1=1.33<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(3)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_2=1.52<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(4)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_1=60^o<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; \u0423\u0433\u043e\u043b \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(5)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\theta_2 = \\arcsin\\left(\\frac{1.33}{1.52}\\sin(60^o)\\right) \\approx 49.268^o<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; \u0418\u0437 (1,2,3,4) \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LxhWbErujpo&amp;t=1363s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">[\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e]<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u0422\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_1=1.33,<\/span><\/span> <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_2=1.41<\/span><\/span> \u0438 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_3=1.68,<\/span><\/span>, \u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0435:<center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-AAZlxjqC4s4\/YUAdiGNMSQI\/AAAAAAAAFiU\/mOE-xMfybOoxenNH2O8sufjpTuzH6-WIwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/n1n2n3snell.PNG\" width=\"443\" height=\"430\" alt=\"\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043a \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043c\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-AAZlxjqC4s4\/YUAdiGNMSQI\/AAAAAAAAFiU\/mOE-xMfybOoxenNH2O8sufjpTuzH6-WIwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/n1n2n3snell.PNG\" width=\"443\" height=\"430\" alt=\"\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043a \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043c\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0443\u0447, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_1<\/span><\/span> \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_2<\/span><\/span>, \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u043c <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_1=70^o<\/span><\/span>, \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_3<\/span><\/span>? <span class=\"collapseomatic \" id=\"id69e0398d751d1\"  tabindex=\"0\" title=\"\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\"    >\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/span><div id=\"target-id69e0398d751d1\" class=\"collapseomatic_content \">\n\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(1)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_1 \\sin(\\theta_1) = n_2 \\sin(\\theta_2) <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b n1 \u0432 n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(2)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_2 \\sin(\\theta_2) = n_3 \\sin(\\theta_3) <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b n2 \u0432 n3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(3)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_1 \\sin(\\theta_1) = n_3 \\sin(\\theta_3) <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; \u0418\u0437 (1,2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\equiv<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\sin(\\theta_3) = \\frac{n_1}{n_3}\\sin(\\theta_1) <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\equiv<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\theta_3 = \\arcsin\\left(\\frac{n_1}{n_3}\\sin(\\theta_1)\\right) <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<p><center><br \/>\n<span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\theta_3= \\arcsin\\left(\\frac{1.33}{1.68}\\sin(70^o)\\right) \\approx 48.0667^o <\/span><\/span><\/center><br \/>\n\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443.<br \/>\n<\/div> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LxhWbErujpo&amp;t=1417s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">[\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e]<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u0418\u0437 \u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u0447 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439. \u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-GiDk_G3uybI\/YUDhONr0MaI\/AAAAAAAAFjM\/aSGUOspZeCsm7Cz7DG4r-JrCr03QhYyBgCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/%25C3%25A1ngulocr%25C3%25ADtico.PNG\" width=\"588\" height=\"358\" alt=\"\u041b\u0443\u0447 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u043c\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-GiDk_G3uybI\/YUDhONr0MaI\/AAAAAAAAFjM\/aSGUOspZeCsm7Cz7DG4r-JrCr03QhYyBgCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/%25C3%25A1ngulocr%25C3%25ADtico.PNG\" width=\"588\" height=\"358\" alt=\"\u041b\u0443\u0447 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u043c\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><br \/>\n<span class=\"collapseomatic \" id=\"id69e0398d7533f\"  tabindex=\"0\" title=\"\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\"    >\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/span><div id=\"target-id69e0398d7533f\" class=\"collapseomatic_content \">\n\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\theta_{\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439}= \\arcsin\\left(\\frac{1.00}{1.33}\\right) \\approx 48.7535^o<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LxhWbErujpo&amp;t=1869s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">[\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e]<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435: \u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430. \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0424\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430, \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":27682,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":1,"footnotes":""},"categories":[845,645],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27695","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-845","category-645"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430 - toposuranos.com\/material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0421\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b: 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\u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u044b \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/leydesnell.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@topuranos\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@topuranos\" 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