{"id":27691,"date":"2021-09-18T13:00:02","date_gmt":"2021-09-18T13:00:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/?p=27691"},"modified":"2024-08-10T23:50:19","modified_gmt":"2024-08-10T23:50:19","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%83%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b6%d9%88%d8%a1-%d9%88%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%b3%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%83%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b6%d9%88%d8%a1-%d9%88%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%b3%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%84\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><center><\/p>\n<h1>\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644<\/h1>\n<p><em><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644. \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align:left\">\n<li><strong>\u0641\u0647\u0645<\/strong> \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/strong> \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628<\/strong> \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0641\u0647\u0645<\/strong> \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"#1\"><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#2\">\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#3\">\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#4\"><strong>\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#5\"><strong>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/LxhWbErujpo\" title=\"\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 YouTube\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LxhWbErujpo&amp;t=186s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_k:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_k=\\displaystyle \\frac{c}{c_k}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u062d\u064a\u062b <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">c<\/span><\/span> \u0647\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0648<span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">c_k<\/span><\/span> \u0647\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">k.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a 1.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LxhWbErujpo&amp;t=397s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u061b \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000; background-color: #80ff80;\">\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LxhWbErujpo&amp;t=608s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/strong><\/a>\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 A \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 B\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_1<\/span><\/span> \u0648<span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_2<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-1CdoEOp5SHc\/YUDNPnQyOxI\/AAAAAAAAFjE\/RG-kYgV4KKwAE3QwiM9nB3cA-OOXesONQCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/n1n2leydeSnell.PNG\" width=\"875\" height=\"518\" alt=\"\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-1CdoEOp5SHc\/YUDNPnQyOxI\/AAAAAAAAFjE\/RG-kYgV4KKwAE3QwiM9nB3cA-OOXesONQCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/n1n2leydeSnell.PNG\" width=\"875\" height=\"518\" alt=\"\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a. \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}{\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629} &amp; =\\displaystyle \\frac{{\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629}}{{\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629}} \\\\ \\\\ &amp; \\displaystyle =\\frac{{\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 1}}{{\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 1}} + \\frac{{\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 2}}{{\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 2}}\\\\ \\\\&amp; =\\displaystyle \\frac{\\sqrt{a^2 + x^2}}{c_1} + \\frac{\\sqrt{b^2 + (d-x)^2}}{c_2}\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 A \u0648B\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">x<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">t(x)<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">t(x) = \\displaystyle \\frac{1}{c_1}\\sqrt{a^2 + x^2} + \\frac{1}{c_2}\\sqrt{b^2 + (d-x)^2}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">x<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">t(x).<\/span><\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0628\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">t<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">x<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\begin{array}{rl}\\dfrac{dt}{dx} &amp;\\displaystyle = \\frac{1}{c_1}\\frac{d}{dx}\\sqrt{a^2 + x^2} + \\frac{1}{c_2}\\frac{d}{dx}\\sqrt{b^2+(d-x)^2}\\\\ \\\\ &amp;\\displaystyle = \\frac{1}{c_1} \\frac{2x}{2\\sqrt{a^2 + x^2}} + \\frac{1}{c_2}\\frac{2(d-x)(-1)}{2\\sqrt{b^2+(d-x)^2}} \\\\ \\\\ &amp;\\displaystyle = \\frac{1}{c_1} \\frac{x}{\\sqrt{a^2 + x^2}} - \\frac{1}{c_2}\\frac{(d-x)}{\\sqrt{b^2+(d-x)^2}} \\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{rl}\\sin(\\theta_1) &amp;\\displaystyle =\\frac{x}{\\sqrt{a^2 + x^2}}\\\\ \\\\ \\sin(\\theta_2) &amp;\\displaystyle = \\frac{(d-x)}{\\sqrt{b^2+(d-x)^2}} \\\\ \\\\ c_1 &amp; \\displaystyle = \\frac{c}{n_1} \\\\ \\\\ c_2 &amp; \\displaystyle = \\frac{c}{n_2} \\end{array} <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\frac{dt}{dx} = \\frac{n_1}{c} \\sin(\\theta_1) - \\frac{n_2}{c}\\sin(\\theta_2)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">x<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">t(x),<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\color{blue}{n_1 \\sin(\\theta_1) = n_2 \\sin(\\theta_2)}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_1<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_2.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LxhWbErujpo&amp;t=1614s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627<\/span> <\/strong><\/a>\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u061b \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u064a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">a<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">b<\/span><\/span> \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_a<\/span><\/span> \u0648<span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_b<\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_a \\gt n_b,<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\sin(\\theta_b) = \\frac{n_a}{n_b}\\sin(\\theta_a)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_a\/n_b \\gt 1,<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u0646 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\sin(\\theta_b) \\gt \\sin(\\theta_a),<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_a\\lt 90^o<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\sin(\\theta_b)=1<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_b=90^o,<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\sin(\\theta_{\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629}) = \\frac{n_b}{n_a}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\theta_{\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629} = \\arcsin\\left( \\frac{n_b}{n_a} \\right)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_a \\gt \\theta_{\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629},<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646:<\/h2>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<li>\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<br \/>\n<center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-98FbTK-_FZo\/YT-61nYxRnI\/AAAAAAAAFiM\/JbBsuAnS6IA8aB-4hvroeZ1qDF2ebxQUwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/n1n2snell.PNG\" width=\"442\" height=\"321\" alt=\"\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-98FbTK-_FZo\/YT-61nYxRnI\/AAAAAAAAFiM\/JbBsuAnS6IA8aB-4hvroeZ1qDF2ebxQUwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/n1n2snell.PNG\" width=\"442\" height=\"321\" alt=\"\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><br \/>\n\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0648 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_1 = 1.33,<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0648 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_2=1.52.<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_1 = 60^o<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_2<\/span><\/span> \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631\u061f <span class=\"collapseomatic \" id=\"id69e03a2c562fc\"  tabindex=\"0\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\"    >\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644<\/span><div id=\"target-id69e03a2c562fc\" class=\"collapseomatic_content \">\n\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(1)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_1 \\sin(\\theta_1) = n_2 \\sin(\\theta_2)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\equiv <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\sin(\\theta_2) = \\frac{n_1}{n_2}\\sin(\\theta_1)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\equiv <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\theta_2 = \\arcsin\\left(\\frac{n_1}{n_2}\\sin(\\theta_1)\\right)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(2)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_1=1.33<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(3)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_2=1.52<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(4)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_1=60^o<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(5)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\theta_2 = \\arcsin\\left(\\frac{1.33}{1.52}\\sin(60^o)\\right) \\approx 49.268^o<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; \u0645\u0646 (1,2,3,4)\u060c \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LxhWbErujpo&amp;t=1363s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">[\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648]<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_1=1.33,<\/span><\/span> <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_2=1.41<\/span><\/span> \u0648<span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_3=1.68,<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-AAZlxjqC4s4\/YUAdiGNMSQI\/AAAAAAAAFiU\/mOE-xMfybOoxenNH2O8sufjpTuzH6-WIwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/n1n2n3snell.PNG\" width=\"443\" height=\"430\" alt=\"\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-AAZlxjqC4s4\/YUAdiGNMSQI\/AAAAAAAAFiU\/mOE-xMfybOoxenNH2O8sufjpTuzH6-WIwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/n1n2n3snell.PNG\" width=\"443\" height=\"430\" alt=\"\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_1<\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_2<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta_1=70^o<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0623\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0630\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_3<\/span><\/span>? <span class=\"collapseomatic \" id=\"id69e03a2c566aa\"  tabindex=\"0\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\"    >\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644<\/span><div id=\"target-id69e03a2c566aa\" class=\"collapseomatic_content \">\n\u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(1)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_1 \\sin(\\theta_1) = n_2 \\sin(\\theta_2) <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 n1 \u0625\u0644\u0649 n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(2)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_2 \\sin(\\theta_2) = n_3 \\sin(\\theta_3) <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 n2 \u0625\u0644\u0649 n3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(3)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">n_1 \\sin(\\theta_1) = n_3 \\sin(\\theta_3) <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; \u0645\u0646(1,2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\equiv<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\sin(\\theta_3) = \\frac{n_1}{n_3}\\sin(\\theta_1) <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\equiv<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\theta_3 = \\arcsin\\left(\\frac{n_1}{n_3}\\sin(\\theta_1)\\right) <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<p><center><br \/>\n<span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\theta_3= \\arcsin\\left(\\frac{1.33}{1.68}\\sin(70^o)\\right) \\approx 48.0667^o <\/span><\/span><\/center><br \/>\n\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627.<br \/>\n<\/div> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LxhWbErujpo&amp;t=1417s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">[\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648]<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u062d \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0644\u064a.<center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-GiDk_G3uybI\/YUDhONr0MaI\/AAAAAAAAFjM\/aSGUOspZeCsm7Cz7DG4r-JrCr03QhYyBgCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/%25C3%25A1ngulocr%25C3%25ADtico.PNG\" width=\"588\" height=\"358\" alt=\"\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-GiDk_G3uybI\/YUDhONr0MaI\/AAAAAAAAFjM\/aSGUOspZeCsm7Cz7DG4r-JrCr03QhYyBgCLcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/%25C3%25A1ngulocr%25C3%25ADtico.PNG\" width=\"588\" height=\"358\" alt=\"\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629\" class=\"alignnone size-full lazyload\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><br \/>\n<span class=\"collapseomatic \" id=\"id69e03a2c56826\"  tabindex=\"0\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\"    >\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644<\/span><div id=\"target-id69e03a2c56826\" class=\"collapseomatic_content \">\n\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\displaystyle \\theta_{\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629}= \\arcsin\\left(\\frac{1.00}{1.33}\\right) \\approx 48.7535^o<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LxhWbErujpo&amp;t=1869s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">[\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648]<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635: \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644. \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":27682,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":89,"footnotes":""},"categories":[841,641],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27691","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-841","category-641"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644 - toposuranos.com\/material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0644: \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 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