{"id":27475,"date":"2021-02-12T13:00:01","date_gmt":"2021-02-12T13:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/?p=27475"},"modified":"2024-07-09T05:24:59","modified_gmt":"2024-07-09T05:24:59","slug":"demonstration-des-techniques-de-la-logique-classique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/fr\/demonstration-des-techniques-de-la-logique-classique\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00e9monstration des Techniques de la Logique Classique"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"background-color:#F3F3F3; padding:20px;\">\n<center><\/p>\n<h1>D\u00e9monstration des Techniques de la Logique Classique<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>R\u00c9SUM\u00c9<\/strong><br \/><em>Dans ce cours, plusieurs techniques de la logique classique sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es pour introduire et \u00e9liminer les conjonctions et les disjonctions, ainsi que la r\u00e8gle du tiers exclu et la r\u00e8gle de contradiction, \u00e9galement connue sous le nom de principe d&#8217;explosion. De plus, la technique de preuve par les cas et la r\u00e9duction \u00e0 l&#8217;absurde sont expliqu\u00e9es, toutes deux tr\u00e8s utiles dans les d\u00e9monstrations math\u00e9matiques et logiques en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. Chaque technique est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e formellement et une d\u00e9monstration \u00e9tape par \u00e9tape est fournie pour sa compr\u00e9hension. Si vous souhaitez approfondir la logique propositionnelle et am\u00e9liorer vos comp\u00e9tences en d\u00e9monstration de th\u00e9or\u00e8mes, ce cours vous sera tr\u00e8s utile.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/center><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>OBJECTIFS D&#8217;APPRENTISSAGE :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Comprendre<\/strong> la justification des techniques d&#8217;introduction et d&#8217;\u00e9limination des conjonctions et disjonctions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Comprendre<\/strong> la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 du tiers exclu ou tautologie (TAU) en logique classique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Comprendre<\/strong> la r\u00e8gle de contradiction (CON) ou principe d&#8217;explosion en logique classique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Comprendre<\/strong> la technique d&#8217;\u00e9limination des disjonctions (\u2228-\u00e9limination3) en logique classique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Comprendre<\/strong> la technique de preuve par les cas (CAS) en logique classique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Comprendre<\/strong> la technique de r\u00e9duction \u00e0 l&#8217;absurde (absurdo) en logique classique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Appliquer<\/strong> les connaissances des diff\u00e9rentes techniques de la logique classique pour r\u00e9soudre des probl\u00e8mes et des d\u00e9monstrations complexes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>TABLE DES MATI\u00c8RES<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"#1\"><strong>INTRODUCTION ET \u00c9LIMINATION DES CONJONCTIONS ET DISJONCTIONS<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#2\">\u2228-INTRODUCTION<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#3\">\u2228-\u00c9LIMINATION<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#4\">\u2227-INTRODUCTION<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#5\">\u2227-\u00c9LIMINATION<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#6\"><strong>TECHNIQUES DE CONTRADICTIONS ET TAUTOLOGIES<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#7\">R\u00c8GLE DU TIERS EXCLU OU TAUTOLOGIE (TAU)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#8\">R\u00c8GLE DE CONTRADICTION OU PRINCIPE D&#8217;EXPLOSION<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#9\">\u2228-\u00c9LIMINATION3<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#10\">PREUVE PAR LES CAS (CAS)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#11\">R\u00c9DUCTION \u00c0 L&#8217;ABSURDE (ABSURDO)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><center><br \/>\n<iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qAJ_oaSfd9k\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center>\n<\/div>\n<p><a name=\"1\"><\/a><br \/>\n<\/br><\/br><\/p>\n<h2>Introduction et \u00c9limination des Conjonctions et Disjonctions<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qAJ_oaSfd9k&amp;t=439s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Une des techniques<\/span><\/strong><\/a> de la logique classique consiste en l&#8217;introduction et l&#8217;\u00e9limination des conjoncteurs et des disjoncteurs. Bien que ces techniques soient ex\u00e9cut\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re plus ou moins intuitive, leur justification n&#8217;est pas totalement triviale, mais elles peuvent \u00eatre obtenues \u00e0 partir des r\u00e8gles de la logique propositionnelle que nous avons d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9montr\u00e9es dans les cours pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents. Formellement, les techniques d&#8217;introduction et d&#8217;\u00e9limination des conjoncteurs et des disjoncteurs sont les suivantes :<\/p>\n<table style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2228-Introduction<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha \\} \\vdash (\\alpha \\vee \\beta)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2228-\u00c9limination<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\alpha\\vee\\beta), \\neg\\alpha \\} \\vdash\\beta <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2227-Introduction<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha.\\beta \\} \\vdash(\\alpha \\wedge \\beta) <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2227-\u00c9limination<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\alpha \\wedge \\beta) \\} \\vdash \\alpha <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Et leurs d\u00e9monstrations \u00e0 partir de la logique propositionnelle sont les suivantes :<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"2\"><\/a><br \/>\n<\/br><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>\u2228-Introduction<\/h3>\n<table style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha\\} \\vdash \\alpha<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Pre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha\\} \\vdash( \\alpha \\rightarrow (\\neg \\beta \\rightarrow \\alpha))<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; A1, Mon<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha\\} \\vdash (\\neg \\beta \\rightarrow \\alpha)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; MP(1,2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(4)<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #880000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\boxed{\\{\\alpha\\} \\vdash (\\beta \\vee \\alpha)}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\rightarrow<\/span><\/span>-D\u00e9finition(3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><br \/>\n<\/br><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>\u2228-\u00c9limination<\/h3>\n<table style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\alpha \\vee \\beta), \\neg\\alpha\\}\\vdash (\\alpha \\vee\\beta)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Pre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\alpha \\vee \\beta), \\neg\\alpha\\}\\vdash \\neg\\alpha <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Pre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\alpha \\vee \\beta), \\neg\\alpha\\}\\vdash (\\neg \\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\rightarrow<\/span><\/span>-D\u00e9finition (1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(4)<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #880000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\boxed{\\{(\\alpha \\vee \\beta), \\neg\\alpha\\}\\vdash \\beta}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; MP(2,3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a name=\"4\"><\/a><br \/>\n<\/br><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>\u2227-Introduction<\/h3>\n<table style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\neg\\alpha \\vee \\neg \\beta), \\neg\\neg\\beta\\} \\vdash \\neg\\alpha<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vee<\/span><\/span>-\u00c9limination<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\neg\\neg\\beta\\} \\vdash ((\\neg\\alpha \\vee \\neg \\beta) \\rightarrow \\neg\\alpha)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; TD(1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\neg\\neg\\beta\\} \\vdash (\\neg \\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg (\\neg\\alpha \\vee \\neg \\beta))<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; CPI(2))<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(4)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\vdash (\\neg\\neg\\beta \\rightarrow (\\neg \\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg (\\neg\\alpha \\vee \\neg \\beta)))<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; TD(3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(5)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\{\\alpha, \\beta \\} \\vdash (\\neg\\neg\\beta \\rightarrow (\\neg \\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg (\\neg\\alpha \\vee \\neg \\beta)))<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Monotonie x2 (4)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(6)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\{\\alpha, \\beta \\} \\vdash \\beta<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Pre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(7)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\{\\alpha, \\beta \\} \\vdash \\neg\\neg\\beta<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; DN(6)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(8)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\{\\alpha, \\beta \\} \\vdash (\\neg \\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg (\\neg\\alpha \\vee \\neg \\beta))<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; MP(7,5)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(9)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\{\\alpha, \\beta \\} \\vdash \\alpha<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Pre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(10)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\{\\alpha, \\beta \\} \\vdash \\neg\\neg\\alpha<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; DN(9)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(11)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\{\\alpha, \\beta \\} \\vdash \\neg (\\neg\\alpha \\vee \\neg \\beta)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; MP(10,8)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(12)<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #880000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\boxed{\\{\\alpha, \\beta \\} \\vdash (\\alpha \\wedge \\beta)}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\wedge<\/span><\/span>-D\u00e9finition(11)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a name=\"5\"><\/a><br \/>\n<\/br><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>\u2227-\u00c9limination<\/h3>\n<table style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\alpha \\wedge \\beta)\\} \\vdash (\\alpha \\wedge \\beta)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Pre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\neg \\alpha\\} \\vdash (\\neg \\alpha \\vee \\neg\\beta)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vee<\/span><\/span>-Introduction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\vdash (\\neg \\alpha \\rightarrow (\\neg \\alpha \\vee \\neg\\beta))<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; TD(2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(4)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\vdash (\\neg(\\neg \\alpha \\vee \\neg\\beta) \\rightarrow \\alpha)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; CPI(3))<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(5)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\vdash ( ( \\alpha \\wedge \\beta) \\rightarrow \\alpha)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\wedge<\/span><\/span>-D\u00e9finition(4)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(6)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\{(\\alpha \\wedge \\beta)\\} \\vdash ( ( \\alpha \\wedge \\beta) \\rightarrow \\alpha)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Monotonie(5)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(7)<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #880000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\boxed{\\{(\\alpha \\wedge \\beta)\\} \\vdash \\alpha}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; MP(1,6)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a name=\"6\"><\/a><br \/>\n<\/br><\/br><\/p>\n<h2>Techniques de Contradictions et Tautologies<\/h2>\n<p><a name=\"7\"><\/a><br \/>\n<\/br><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>R\u00e8gle du Tiers Exclu ou Tautologie (tau)<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qAJ_oaSfd9k&amp;t=1208s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Une autre caract\u00e9ristique<\/span><\/strong><\/a> de la logique classique est la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 du tiers exclu (tertium non datur). Elle stipule que si l&#8217;on a deux affirmations, dont l&#8217;une nie l&#8217;autre, alors n\u00e9cessairement l&#8217;une des deux doit \u00eatre vraie ; autrement dit, la conjonction de deux affirmations dont l&#8217;une nie l&#8217;autre forme n\u00e9cessairement une tautologie. Formellement, cela s&#8217;exprime en \u00e9crivant :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash (\\neg\\alpha \\vee\\alpha)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Et sa d\u00e9monstration est facile \u00e0 obtenir.<\/p>\n<table style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha\\}\\vdash \\alpha<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Pre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash (\\alpha \\rightarrow \\alpha)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; TD(1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #880000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\boxed{\\vdash (\\neg \\alpha \\vee \\alpha)}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; de (2) parce que <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta) := (\\neg \\alpha \\vee \\beta)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Une autre mani\u00e8re de formuler le principe du tiers exclu est \u00e0 travers la loi de <strong>non-contradiction<\/strong>, qui stipule qu&#8217;une affirmation ne peut \u00eatre vraie et fausse en m\u00eame temps et qui est formul\u00e9e formellement de la mani\u00e8re suivante :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash \\neg(\\neg\\alpha \\wedge \\alpha)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Cette propri\u00e9t\u00e9 n&#8217;a pas besoin de d\u00e9monstration, non pas parce qu&#8217;elle est auto-\u00e9vidente en soi, mais parce qu&#8217;elle est obtenue directement en appliquant la d\u00e9finition de la conjonction au principe du tiers exclu.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"8\"><\/a><br \/>\n<\/br><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>R\u00e8gle de Contradiction ou Principe d&#8217;Explosion<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qAJ_oaSfd9k&amp;t=1410s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Une autre propri\u00e9t\u00e9 connue de la logique<\/span><\/strong><\/a> classique est le principe d&#8217;explosion, qui est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement formul\u00e9 par la phrase \u00abdes pr\u00e9misses contradictoires, on peut conclure n&#8217;importe quoi\u00bb. Sa formulation est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e de l&#8217;une des deux mani\u00e8res suivantes :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\neg\\alpha \\wedge \\alpha)\\}\\vdash \\beta<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha, \\neg\\alpha\\}\\vdash \\beta<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">La d\u00e9monstration de cette r\u00e8gle est simple :<\/p>\n<table style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha ,\\neg\\alpha\\} \\vdash \\neg\\alpha <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Pre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha ,\\neg\\alpha\\} \\vdash (\\neg\\alpha \\vee \\beta) <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vee<\/span><\/span>-introduction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha ,\\neg\\alpha\\} \\vdash (\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta) <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\rightarrow<\/span><\/span>-d\u00e9finition(2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(4)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha ,\\neg\\alpha\\} \\vdash \\alpha <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Pre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(5)<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #880000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\boxed{\\{\\alpha ,\\neg\\alpha\\} \\vdash \\beta}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; MP(4,3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a name=\"9\"><\/a><br \/>\n<\/br><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>\u2228-\u00c9limination3<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qAJ_oaSfd9k&amp;t=1555s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Le modus ponens peut \u00eatre \u00e9crit<\/span><\/strong><\/a> de deux mani\u00e8res diff\u00e9rentes. L&#8217;une des formes que nous connaissons d\u00e9j\u00e0 est <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha,(\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\}\\vdash \\beta<\/span><\/span>. L&#8217;autre est un peu moins famili\u00e8re :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha\\}\\vdash\\beta \\; \\wedge \\; \\vdash \\alpha \\; \\Longrightarrow \\; \\vdash \\beta<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">En se concentrant sur cette deuxi\u00e8me forme, il est possible de visualiser une expansion de cette r\u00e8gle que nous appelons <strong>\u2228-\u00c9limination3<\/strong>, car elle ressemble \u00e0 une simplification obtenue \u00e0 partir d&#8217;une disjonction. Elle dit que si <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\gamma<\/span><\/span> peut \u00eatre inf\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 partir de <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\alpha<\/span><\/span> et \u00e0 partir de <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\beta<\/span><\/span> (les deux \u00e0 la fois) et que la disjonction entre <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\alpha<\/span><\/span> et <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\beta<\/span><\/span> est un th\u00e9or\u00e8me, alors <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\gamma<\/span><\/span> est un th\u00e9or\u00e8me. Cela se r\u00e9sume formellement \u00e0 travers l&#8217;\u00e9criture suivante :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #880000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\{\\alpha\\}\\vdash\\gamma\\; \\wedge \\; \\{\\beta\\}\\vdash\\gamma \\; \\wedge \\; \\vdash (\\alpha \\vee \\beta)<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Longrightarrow<\/span><\/span> <span style=\"color: #000088;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash \\gamma<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">La d\u00e9monstration de cette technique de la logique classique est la suivante :<\/p>\n<table style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #880000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\boxed{\\alpha \\vdash \\gamma}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Pr\u00e9misse<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #880000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\boxed{\\beta \\vdash \\gamma}<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Pr\u00e9misse<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #880000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\boxed{\\vdash (\\alpha \\vee \\beta)}<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Pr\u00e9misse<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(4)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\vdash (\\alpha \\rightarrow \\gamma)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; TD(1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(5)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\vdash (\\beta \\rightarrow \\gamma)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; TD(2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(6)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\vdash (\\neg \\gamma \\rightarrow \\neg \\alpha)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; CPI(4)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(7)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\vdash (\\neg \\gamma \\rightarrow \\neg \\beta)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; CPI(5)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(8)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\{\\neg \\gamma \\}\\vdash \\neg \\alpha<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; RTD(6)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(9)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\{\\neg \\gamma\\}\\vdash \\neg \\beta<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; RTD(7)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(10)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\{\\neg \\gamma\\}\\vdash (\\neg \\alpha \\wedge \\neg \\beta)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\wedge<\/span><\/span>-Introduction(8,9)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(11)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\vdash (\\neg \\gamma \\rightarrow (\\neg \\alpha \\wedge \\neg \\beta))<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; TD(10)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(12)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\vdash (\\neg(\\neg \\alpha \\wedge \\neg \\beta)\\rightarrow \\gamma )<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; CPI(11)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(13)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> (A \\wedge B) := \\neg(\\neg A \\vee \\neg B)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\wedge<\/span><\/span> &#8211; D\u00e9finition<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(14)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\neg(A \\wedge B) := \\neg\\neg(\\neg A \\vee \\neg B)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; N\u00e9gation des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s dans (13)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(15)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\neg(\\neg\\alpha \\wedge \\neg\\beta) := \\neg\\neg(\\neg\\neg\\alpha \\vee \\neg\\neg\\beta)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Remplacement <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">A:=\\neg\\alpha<\/span><\/span> et <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">B:=\\neg\\beta<\/span><\/span> dans (14)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(16)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\neg(\\neg\\alpha \\wedge \\neg\\beta) \\dashv \\vdash (\\alpha \\vee \\beta)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; DN(15)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(17)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\vdash ((\\alpha \\vee \\beta) \\rightarrow \\neg(\\neg\\alpha \\wedge \\neg\\beta) )<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; TD(16)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(17)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\vdash ((\\alpha \\vee \\beta) \\rightarrow \\gamma )<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; SH(17,12)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(18)<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000088;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\boxed{ \\vdash \\gamma}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; MP(3,17)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a name=\"10\"><\/a><br \/>\n<\/br><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>Preuve par les cas (cas)<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qAJ_oaSfd9k&amp;t=1957s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Une autre technique de la logique classique<\/span><\/a> est la preuve par les cas. Si une expression <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\beta<\/span><\/span> peut \u00eatre inf\u00e9r\u00e9e d&#8217;une autre expression <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\alpha<\/span><\/span> ainsi que de sa n\u00e9gation, alors l&#8217;expression <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\beta<\/span><\/span> est n\u00e9cessairement un th\u00e9or\u00e8me. Cela se repr\u00e9sente formellement par l&#8217;\u00e9criture : <span style=\"color: #880000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\alpha \\vdash \\beta \\; \\wedge \\; \\neg\\alpha \\vdash \\beta <\/span><\/span><\/span> <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Longrightarrow<\/span><\/span> <span style=\"color: #000088;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash \\beta<\/span><\/span><\/span>. Sa d\u00e9monstration est la suivante :<\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #000000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\begin{array}{rll}\n\n(1) &amp; \\alpha \\vdash \\beta &amp;; Pr\u00e9misse\\\\\n\n(2) &amp; \\neg \\alpha \\vdash \\beta &amp;; Pr\u00e9misse \\\\\n\n(3) &amp; \\vdash \\alpha \\vee \\neg\\alpha &amp;; TAU \\\\\n\n(4) &amp; \\vdash \\beta &amp;; \\vee-\u00c9limination3(1,2,3)\n\n\\end{array}\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"11\"><\/a><br \/>\n<\/br><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>R\u00e9duction \u00e0 l&#8217;Absurde (absurdo)<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Une des techniques de la logique classique les plus utilis\u00e9es dans les d\u00e9monstrations, en particulier en math\u00e9matiques, est la r\u00e9duction \u00e0 l&#8217;absurde. Elle consiste en ce que si, \u00e0 partir d&#8217;une expression <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\alpha<\/span><\/span>, on inf\u00e8re une contradiction (une affirmation et sa n\u00e9gation), alors la n\u00e9gation de <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\alpha<\/span><\/span> est une tautologie. Formellement, cela s&#8217;exprime comme suit : <span style=\"color: #880000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha\\}\\vdash \\beta \\; \\wedge \\; \\{\\alpha\\}\\vdash \\neg\\beta<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\Longrightarrow<\/span><\/span> <span style=\"color: #000088;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash \\neg\\alpha<\/span><\/span><\/span>. Et cela peut \u00eatre d\u00e9montr\u00e9 par le raisonnement suivant :<\/p>\n<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #880000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\boxed{\\{\\alpha\\}\\vdash \\beta}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Pr\u00e9misse<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #880000;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\boxed{\\{\\alpha\\}\\vdash \\neg\\beta}<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Pr\u00e9misse<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash (\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; TD(1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(4)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash (\\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg\\beta)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; TD(2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(5)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash (\\neg \\beta \\rightarrow \\neg \\alpha)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; CPI(3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(6)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash (\\beta \\rightarrow \\neg \\alpha)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; CPI(4)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(7)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\neg \\beta \\}\\vdash \\neg \\alpha<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; RTD(5)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(8)<\/td>\n<td><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\beta \\}\\vdash \\neg \\alpha<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; RTD(6)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(9)<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000088;\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\boxed{\\vdash \\neg \\alpha}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>; CAS(7,8)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D\u00e9monstration des Techniques de la Logique Classique R\u00c9SUM\u00c9Dans ce cours, plusieurs techniques de la logique classique sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es pour introduire et \u00e9liminer les conjonctions et les disjonctions, ainsi que la r\u00e8gle du tiers exclu et la r\u00e8gle de contradiction, \u00e9galement connue sous le nom de principe d&#8217;explosion. De plus, la technique de preuve par les [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":27451,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":10,"footnotes":""},"categories":[617,631,569],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27475","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-logique-mathematique","category-logique-propositionnelle","category-mathematiques"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>D\u00e9monstration des Techniques de la Logique Classique - toposuranos.com\/material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Logique Classique : introduction et \u00e9limination des conjonctions et des disjonctions, tiers exclu, explosion, cas et r\u00e9duction \u00e0 l&#039;absurde.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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