{"id":27343,"date":"2021-01-27T13:00:18","date_gmt":"2021-01-27T13:00:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/?p=27343"},"modified":"2024-07-06T22:37:53","modified_gmt":"2024-07-06T22:37:53","slug":"4-essential-deduction-techniques","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/en\/4-essential-deduction-techniques\/","title":{"rendered":"4 essential deduction techniques"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"background-color:#F3F3F3; padding:20px;\">\n<center><\/p>\n<h1>Learn 4 Essential Deduction Techniques<\/h1>\n<p><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><em><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/br>In this class, 4 deduction techniques of propositional logic are described to enrich the rudimentary propositional calculus presented so far. The presumption rule and its combination with the monotonicity rule are presented, as well as hypothetical syllogism and two ways to obtain this deduction rule. The double negation equivalences and the contrapositive of implication are also explained.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong><u>Learning Objectives<\/u>:<\/strong><br \/>By the end of this class, the student will be able to<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Recall<\/strong> the structure of reasoning and simple examples.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Understand<\/strong> the presumption rule and its relationship with the deduction theorem.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Understand<\/strong> the rule of hypothetical syllogism and its relationship with modus ponens.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Apply<\/strong> the deduction theorem in propositional logic.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Apply<\/strong> the monotonicity rule in the deduction of expressions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Understand<\/strong> the double negation equivalences and the contrapositive of implication in propositional logic.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Know<\/strong> the demonstrations of the deduction techniques and be able to apply them in practice.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"#1\">PRESUMPTION RULE (PRE)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#2\">HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISM (HS)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#3\">DOUBLE NEGATION EQUIVALENCES (DN)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#4\">CONTRAPOSITIVE EQUIVALENCE OF IMPLICATION (CPI)<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p><center><br \/>\n<iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6f_aavuC4E0\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">We have already seen the structure of reasoning and simple examples. Now we will test that knowledge <strong>by reasoning with 4 deduction techniques of propositional logic.<\/strong> Through this, we will not only see that these things work, but we will also begin to give a certain richness of procedures that will take the propositional calculus out of the rudimentary state it has been presented in so far.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><strong>If <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\alpha<\/span>, <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\beta<\/span> and <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\gamma<\/span> are expressions of propositional calculus, then it is possible to infer the following deduction techniques from the fundamentals:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"1\"><\/a><br \/>\n<\/br><\/br><\/p>\n<h2>Presumption Rule (Pre)<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6f_aavuC4E0&amp;t=168s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">The simplest deduction rule<\/span><\/strong><\/a> of all is the presumption rule. This is obtained directly by applying the <strong>reciprocal of the deduction theorem<\/strong> on the theorem <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash(\\alpha\\rightarrow\\alpha)<\/span>. If this sounded like arcane language to you, everything you need to know is <a href=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/en\/formal-deductive-systems-in-propositional-logic\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>here<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha\\}\\vdash \\alpha <\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Combined with the monotonicity rule, it will allow you to add convenient expressions within your deductions.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"2\"><\/a><br \/>\n<\/br><\/br><\/p>\n<h2>Hypothetical Syllogism (HS)<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6f_aavuC4E0&amp;t=206s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Hypothetical syllogism<\/span><\/strong><\/a>, or implication transitivity, is a kind of evolution of modus ponens. Its formulation is as follows:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\alpha\\rightarrow\\beta), (\\beta\\rightarrow\\gamma)\\}\\vdash (\\alpha\\rightarrow\\gamma)<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">There are several ways to obtain this deduction rule, we will see a couple of them shortly.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">If we reason from expressions, it will be easy to construct the following reasoning:<\/p>\n<table style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\alpha<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Premise<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Premise<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(\\beta\\rightarrow \\gamma)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Premise<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(4)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\beta<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; MP(1,2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(5)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\gamma<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; MP(4,3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\">Therefore<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\{\\alpha,(\\alpha\\rightarrow\\beta),(\\beta\\rightarrow\\gamma)\\}\\vdash\\gamma<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Finally, applying the deduction theorem to this last expression, we have:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\{(\\alpha\\rightarrow\\beta),(\\beta\\rightarrow\\gamma)\\}\\vdash(\\alpha\\rightarrow \\gamma)<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Another way to obtain the demonstration of this rule is by reasoning from deductions, constructing through presumption and monotonicity. Observe the following reasoning from deductions:<\/p>\n<table style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha, (\\alpha\\rightarrow \\beta), (\\beta\\rightarrow\\gamma)\\}\\vdash \\alpha <\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Presumption and Monotonicity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha, (\\alpha\\rightarrow \\beta), (\\beta\\rightarrow\\gamma)\\}\\vdash (\\alpha\\rightarrow \\beta) <\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Presumption and Monotonicity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha, (\\alpha\\rightarrow \\beta), (\\beta\\rightarrow\\gamma)\\}\\vdash (\\beta\\rightarrow\\gamma) <\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Presumption and Monotonicity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(4)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha, (\\alpha\\rightarrow \\beta), (\\beta\\rightarrow\\gamma)\\}\\vdash \\beta <\/span><\/td>\n<td>; MP(1,2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(5)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha, (\\alpha\\rightarrow \\beta), (\\beta\\rightarrow\\gamma)\\}\\vdash \\gamma <\/span><\/td>\n<td>; MP(4,3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(6)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\alpha\\rightarrow \\beta), (\\beta\\rightarrow\\gamma)\\}\\vdash (\\alpha \\rightarrow \\gamma) <\/span><\/td>\n<td>; TD(5)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">You should note here that both demonstrations are identical, only developed in different styles. In practice, you can alternate between both styles depending on what you find more comfortable.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><br \/>\n<\/br><\/br><\/p>\n<h2>Double Negation Equivalences (DN)<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6f_aavuC4E0&amp;t=500s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Double negation equivalences<\/span><\/strong><\/a> reproduce the intuitive notion that the double negation of a statement is equivalent to the statement itself. This, written symbolically, will be in the form<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\alpha\\dashv\\vdash\\neg\\neg\\alpha<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Now let&#8217;s see a demonstration:<\/p>\n<table style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\vdash (\\neg\\neg \\alpha \\rightarrow (\\neg\\neg\\neg\\neg \\alpha \\rightarrow\\neg\\neg\\alpha))<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; A1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash ((\\neg\\neg\\neg\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg\\alpha)\\rightarrow(\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg\\neg\\alpha))<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; A3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash ((\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg\\neg\\alpha)\\rightarrow(\\neg\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\alpha))<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; A3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(4)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash ((\\neg\\neg\\neg\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg\\alpha)\\rightarrow(\\neg\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\alpha))<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; HS(2,3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(5)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\neg\\neg \\alpha \\} \\vdash (\\neg\\neg\\neg\\neg \\alpha \\rightarrow\\neg\\neg\\alpha)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; RTD(1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(6)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\neg\\neg \\alpha \\} \\vdash ((\\neg\\neg\\neg\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg\\alpha)\\rightarrow(\\neg\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\alpha))<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Monotonicity(4)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(7)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\neg\\neg \\alpha \\} \\vdash (\\neg\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\alpha)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; MP(5,6)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(8)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\neg\\neg \\alpha \\} \\vdash \\alpha<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; RTD(7)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\">Therefore<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\neg\\neg \\alpha \\} \\vdash \\alpha <\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">To make the demonstration in the other direction, we can use this one we just did by readapting it through a simple substitution, obtaining the following:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\neg\\neg \\neg \\alpha \\} \\vdash \\neg \\alpha <\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">And from this, we construct the demonstration in the other direction:<\/p>\n<table style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\neg\\neg \\neg \\alpha \\} \\vdash \\neg \\alpha <\/span><\/td>\n<td>; What we just proved<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash(\\neg\\neg \\neg \\alpha\\rightarrow \\neg \\alpha) <\/span><\/td>\n<td>; TD(1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash((\\neg\\neg \\neg \\alpha\\rightarrow \\neg \\alpha) \\rightarrow(\\alpha \\rightarrow\\neg\\neg\\alpha)) <\/span><\/td>\n<td>; A3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(4)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash(\\alpha \\rightarrow\\neg\\neg\\alpha) <\/span><\/td>\n<td>; MP(2,3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(5)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha\\}\\vdash\\neg\\neg\\alpha <\/span><\/td>\n<td>; RTD(4)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\">Therefore <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{\\alpha \\} \\vdash \\neg\\neg \\alpha <\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Finally, from these two demonstrations, we have that <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\alpha \\dashv\\vdash \\neg\\neg \\alpha <\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"4\"><\/a><br \/>\n<\/br><\/br><\/p>\n<h2>Contrapositive Equivalence of Implication (CpI)<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6f_aavuC4E0&amp;t=948s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">This corresponds<\/span><\/strong><\/a> to the following equivalences<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta) \\dashv\\vdash (\\neg\\beta \\rightarrow \\neg\\alpha)<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n(\\neg\\alpha\\rightarrow\\beta)\\dashv\\vdash (\\neg\\beta\\rightarrow\\alpha)<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(\\alpha\\rightarrow\\neg\\beta) \\dashv\\vdash (\\beta\\rightarrow\\neg\\alpha)<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">The demonstration of this first relationship is done as follows:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">On one side, it is obtained directly from the third axiom<\/p>\n<table style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash ((\\neg\\beta\\rightarrow \\neg\\alpha) \\rightarrow (\\alpha \\rightarrow\\beta))<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; A3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\neg\\beta\\rightarrow \\neg\\alpha)\\}\\vdash (\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; RTD(1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\">Therefore <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\{(\\neg\\beta\\rightarrow \\neg\\alpha)\\}\\vdash (\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">And in the other direction, the demonstration can be obtained from the following reasoning:<\/p>\n<table style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\neg\\neg\\alpha \\dashv \\vdash \\alpha<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; DN<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash (\\neg\\neg \\alpha \\rightarrow \\alpha)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; TD(1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\neg\\neg\\beta \\dashv \\vdash \\beta<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; DN<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(4)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash (\\beta \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg \\beta)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; TD(3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(5)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\}\\vdash (\\neg\\neg \\alpha \\rightarrow \\alpha)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Mon(2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(6)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\}\\vdash (\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Pre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(7)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\}\\vdash (\\neg\\neg \\alpha \\rightarrow\\beta)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; HS(5,6)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(8)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\{(\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\} \\vdash (\\beta \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg \\beta)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Mon(4)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(9)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\}\\vdash (\\neg\\neg \\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg \\beta)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; HS(7,8)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(10)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash (\\neg\\neg \\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg \\beta) \\rightarrow (\\neg \\beta \\rightarrow \\neg \\alpha )<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; A3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(11)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\}\\vdash ((\\neg\\neg \\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg \\beta) \\rightarrow (\\neg \\beta \\rightarrow \\neg \\alpha ))<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Mon(10)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(11)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\}\\vdash (\\neg \\beta \\rightarrow \\neg \\alpha )<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; HS(10;11)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\">Therefore <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\}\\vdash (\\neg \\beta \\rightarrow \\neg \\alpha )<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Therefore, from the two previous reasonings, we have that<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> (\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta) \\dashv\\vdash (\\neg \\beta \\rightarrow \\neg \\alpha ) <\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">To demonstrate the second one, we can make the following two reasonings:<\/p>\n<table style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\beta \\dashv\\vdash \\neg\\neg\\beta<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; DN<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\neg\\neg\\neg\\alpha \\dashv\\vdash \\neg\\alpha<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; DN<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash (\\beta \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg\\beta)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; TD(1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(4)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash (\\neg\\neg\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg\\alpha)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; TD(2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(5)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\}\\vdash (\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Pre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(6)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\}\\vdash (\\beta \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg\\beta)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Mon(3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(7)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\}\\vdash (\\neg\\neg\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg\\alpha)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Mon(4)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(8)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\}\\vdash (\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg\\beta)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; HS(5,6)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(9)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\}\\vdash (\\neg\\neg\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg\\beta)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; HS(7,8)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(10)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash (\\neg\\neg\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg\\beta) \\rightarrow (\\neg\\beta \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg\\alpha)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; A3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(11)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\}\\vdash ((\\neg\\neg\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg\\beta) \\rightarrow (\\neg\\beta \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg\\alpha))<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Mon(10)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(12)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\}\\vdash (\\neg\\beta \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg\\alpha)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; MP(9,11)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(13)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\neg\\neg \\alpha \\dashv \\vdash \\alpha<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; DN<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(14)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\vdash (\\neg\\neg \\alpha\\rightarrow \\alpha)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; TD(13)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(15)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\} \\vdash (\\neg\\neg \\alpha\\rightarrow \\alpha)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Mon(14)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(16)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\} \\vdash(\\neg\\beta \\rightarrow \\alpha)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; HS(12,15)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\">Therefore <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)\\} \\vdash(\\neg\\beta \\rightarrow \\alpha) <\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Now we need to make the demonstration in the reverse direction. We can do it through the following reasoning:<\/p>\n<table style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>(1)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\alpha \\dashv \\vdash \\neg\\neg\\alpha<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; DN<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(2)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash (\\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg\\alpha)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; TD(1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(3)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\neg\\beta\\rightarrow\\alpha)\\}\\vdash (\\neg\\beta\\rightarrow\\alpha)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Pre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(4)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\neg\\beta\\rightarrow\\alpha)\\}\\vdash (\\alpha \\rightarrow \\neg\\neg\\alpha)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Mon(2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(5)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\neg\\beta\\rightarrow\\alpha)\\}\\vdash (\\neg\\beta\\rightarrow\\neg\\neg\\alpha)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>; HS(3,4)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(6)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\vdash (\\neg\\beta\\rightarrow\\neg\\neg\\alpha)\\rightarrow (\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta) <\/span><\/td>\n<td>; A3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(7)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\neg\\beta\\rightarrow\\alpha)\\}\\vdash ((\\neg\\beta\\rightarrow\\neg\\neg\\alpha)\\rightarrow (\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta)) <\/span><\/td>\n<td>; Mon(6)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(8)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\{(\\neg\\beta\\rightarrow\\alpha)\\}\\vdash (\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta) <\/span><\/td>\n<td>; MP(5,7)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; color: #000000;\">Therefore <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\{(\\neg\\beta\\rightarrow\\alpha)\\}\\vdash (\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta) <\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">Finally, from these two reasonings, it is concluded that <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> (\\neg\\beta\\rightarrow\\alpha) \\dashv \\vdash (\\neg\\alpha \\rightarrow \\beta) <\/span>, which is what we wanted to demonstrate.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; color: #000000;\">The last equivalence will be left as an exercise. To demonstrate it, you can guide yourself with the two demonstrations I have already given. This is the best way to master deduction techniques.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learn 4 Essential Deduction Techniques Summary:In this class, 4 deduction techniques of propositional logic are described to enrich the rudimentary propositional calculus presented so far. The presumption rule and its combination with the monotonicity rule are presented, as well as hypothetical syllogism and two ways to obtain this deduction rule. The double negation equivalences and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":27340,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":7,"footnotes":""},"categories":[605,567,619],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27343","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mathematical-logic","category-mathematics","category-propositional-logic"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>4 essential deduction techniques - toposuranos.com\/material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn 4 deduction techniques in propositional logic. 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