{"id":27311,"date":"2024-01-07T13:00:30","date_gmt":"2024-01-07T13:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/?p=27311"},"modified":"2024-07-01T01:32:29","modified_gmt":"2024-07-01T01:32:29","slug":"hyperbolic-rotations-of-spacetime","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/en\/hyperbolic-rotations-of-spacetime\/","title":{"rendered":"Hyperbolic Rotations of Spacetime"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"background-color:#F3F3F3; padding:20px;\">\n<center><\/p>\n<h1>Hyperbolic Rotations of Spacetime<\/h1>\n<p class=\"eq\"><em><strong>Summary:<\/strong><br \/>\nIn this class, we will review how Lorentz transformations can be reinterpreted as spacetime rotation transformations. We will start by examining rotations in the four-dimensional Minkowski space, distinguishing between purely spatial rotations and those involving spacetime axes.<\/br><\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>LEARNING OBJECTIVES:<\/strong><br \/>\nBy the end of this class, the student will be able to:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Understand<\/strong> rotation transformations in Minkowski spacetime.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Understand<\/strong> Lorentz transformations as spacetime rotations.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><center><\/p>\n<p><strong>INDEX<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"#0\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#1\"><strong>Rotations in Minkowski Spacetime<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#2\">Pure Spatial Rotations<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#3\">Matrix Generalization for Three-Dimensional Rotations<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#4\">Spatial Rotations for Events with Spacetime Coordinates<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#5\"><strong>Hyperbolic Rotations of Spacetime<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#6\">Introducing the Velocity Parameter<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#7\">Formulating Spacetime Rotations as Hyperbolic Rotations<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#8\"><strong>Conclusions<\/strong><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"lazyload\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/PCB-XC3XwQE?si=rBjMJhQEZ8O2wBLg\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><br \/>\n<\/center>\n<\/div>\n<p><a name=\"0\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">So far, we have examined in detail how Lorentz transformations are carried out, that is, how the coordinates in Minkowski spacetime of a specific event are altered when observed from different inertial reference frames. Next, we will review a different perspective for these developments, visualizing them as spacetime rotation transformations. We will soon discover that this approach provides algebraic advantages, generally simplifying calculations, especially when combining several consecutive Lorentz transformations.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Rotations in Minkowski Spacetime<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">Let&#8217;s start by analyzing how various spatial rotations are carried out in Minkowski spacetime. Since this is a four-dimensional space, the most practical way to establish a rotation is to do so with respect to a specific plane. Thus, we can define rotations on the <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">xy<\/span><\/bdi> planes, <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">xz<\/span><\/bdi>, and <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">yz<\/span><\/bdi>, as well as on the <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">xt<\/span><\/bdi>, <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">yt<\/span><\/bdi>, and <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">zt<\/span><\/bdi> planes. Rotations carried out in planes formed by spatial axes are purely spatial rotations, while those performed in planes composed of space and time axes are spacetime rotations. For now, we will focus on understanding purely spatial rotations in detail and then extend this knowledge to spacetime rotations.\n<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Pure Spatial Rotations<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">\nLet&#8217;s begin our study of spatial rotations by reviewing how rotations are performed in the <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">xy<\/span><\/bdi> plane. To do this, let&#8217;s assume we have a point with coordinates <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(a,b)<\/span><\/bdi> with respect to the system defined by the <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\hat{x}<\/span><\/bdi> and <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\hat{y}<\/span><\/bdi> axes. Next, we will analyze the relationship that connects these coordinates with those observed by a rotated reference system. This system is defined by the <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\hat{x}^\\prime<\/span><\/bdi> and <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\hat{y}^\\prime<\/span><\/bdi> axes, which are rotated by an angle <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta<\/span> with respect to the original system, as shown in the following figure:\n<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/rotaciontheta.jpg\" alt=\"Rotation by an angle theta in the xy plane\" width=\"623\" height=\"495\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25994 lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/rotaciontheta.jpg\" alt=\"Rotation by an angle theta in the xy plane\" width=\"623\" height=\"495\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25994 lazyload\" srcset=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/rotaciontheta.jpg 623w, http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/rotaciontheta-300x238.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 623px) 100vw, 623px\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">\nTo obtain the relationships between the coordinates <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(a,b)<\/span><\/bdi> and <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(a^\\prime,b^\\prime)<\/span><\/bdi> measured from each system, we can use the following guide lines:\n<\/p>\n<p><center><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/rotacion-conlineasguia.png\" alt=\"Guide lines to obtain the relationship between rotated systems\" width=\"827\" height=\"620\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25998 lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/rotacion-conlineasguia.png\" alt=\"Guide lines to obtain the relationship between rotated systems\" width=\"827\" height=\"620\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25998 lazyload\" srcset=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/rotacion-conlineasguia.png 827w, http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/rotacion-conlineasguia-300x225.png 300w, http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/rotacion-conlineasguia-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 827px) 100vw, 827px\" \/><\/noscript><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">\nThus, it is now easy to obtain the transformation equations\n<\/p>\n<p><bdi><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\begin{array}{rcl} a^\\prime &amp; = &amp; \\phantom{-}a\\cos(\\theta) + b\\sin(\\theta) \\\\ b^\\prime &amp; = &amp; -a \\sin(\\theta) + b \\cos(\\theta)\n\n\\end{array} <\/span>\n<p><\/bdi><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Matrix Generalization for Three-Dimensional Rotations<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">\nThis system of equations can be more conveniently represented in its matrix form.\n<\/p>\n<p><bdi><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\left(\\begin{array}{r} a^\\prime \\\\ b^\\prime \\end{array}\\right) = \\left(\\begin{array}{cc} \\cos(\\theta) &amp; \\sin(\\theta) \\\\ -\\sin(\\theta) &amp; \\cos(\\theta)\\end{array}\\right) \\left(\\begin{array}{r} a \\\\ b \\end{array}\\right) <\/span>\n<p><\/bdi><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">This is convenient because from here it is easy to generalize to larger dimensions. For example, a point with coordinates <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(a,b,c)<\/span><\/bdi> in the system formed by the axes <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\hat{x}<\/span>, <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\hat{y}<\/span>, and <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\hat{z}<\/span>, observed from another system formed by the axes <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\hat{x}^\\prime<\/span>, <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\hat{y}^\\prime<\/span>, and <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\hat{z}^\\prime<\/span>, which is distinguished from the original system by a rotation at an angle <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta<\/span> with respect to the <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\hat{x}\\hat{y}<\/span><\/bdi> plane, would be:\n<\/p>\n<p><bdi><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\left(\\begin{array}{r} a^\\prime \\\\ b^\\prime \\\\ c^\\prime \\end{array}\\right) = \\left(\\begin{array}{ccc} \\cos(\\theta) &amp; \\sin(\\theta) &amp; 0 \\\\ -\\sin(\\theta) &amp; \\cos(\\theta) &amp; 0 \\\\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1\\end{array}\\right) \\left(\\begin{array}{r} a \\\\ b \\\\ c\\end{array}\\right) <\/span>\n<p><\/bdi><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/sistemarotadoxy3d.png\" alt=\"Spatial Rotations\" width=\"725\" height=\"597\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26014 lazyload\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/sistemarotadoxy3d.png\" alt=\"Spatial Rotations\" width=\"725\" height=\"597\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26014 lazyload\" srcset=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/sistemarotadoxy3d.png 725w, http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/sistemarotadoxy3d-300x247.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 725px) 100vw, 725px\" \/><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">From this, we obtain the different rotation transformation matrices for each of the spatial planes.<\/p>\n<p><bdi><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\"> \\begin{array}{rll} R_{xy}(\\theta)= &amp; \\left(\\begin{array}{ccc} \\cos(\\theta) &amp; \\sin(\\theta) &amp; 0 \\\\ -\\sin(\\theta) &amp; \\cos(\\theta) &amp; 0 \\\\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1\\end{array}\\right) &amp; \\begin{array}{l} \\text{Rotation at an angle }\\theta\\\\ \\text{on the }xy \\text{plane} \\end{array} \\\\ \\\\ R_{yz}(\\theta)= &amp; \\left(\\begin{array}{ccc} 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\\\ 0 &amp; \\cos(\\theta) &amp; \\sin(\\theta) \\\\ 0 &amp; -\\sin(\\theta) &amp; \\cos(\\theta)\\end{array}\\right) &amp; \\begin{array}{l} \\text{Rotation at an angle }\\theta\\\\ \\text{on the }yz \\text{plane} \\end{array} \\\\ \\\\ R_{xz}(\\theta)= &amp; \\left(\\begin{array}{ccc} \\cos(\\theta) &amp; 0 &amp; \\sin(\\theta) \\\\ 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\\\ -\\sin(\\theta) &amp; 0 &amp; \\cos(\\theta)\\end{array}\\right) &amp; \\begin{array}{l} \\text{Rotation at an angle }\\theta\\\\ \\text{on the }xz \\text{plane} \\end{array} \\end{array} <\/span>\n<p><\/bdi><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">To calculate the inverse transformation of these rotation transformations, just substitute <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\theta<\/span> with <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">-\\theta<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Spatial Rotations for Events with Spacetime Coordinates<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">\nSimilarly to how we generalized from two to three dimensions, we can extend this to four dimensions. To remain consistent with the language of special relativity, it is important to understand the meaning of each coordinate. Generally, spacetime coordinates are expressed as follows:\n<\/p>\n<p><bdi><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">x^\\mu = (x^0, x^1, x^2, x^3) = (ct, x, y, z)<\/span>\n<p><\/bdi><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">\nHere, the superscripts do not denote powers but indicate the characteristics of each coordinate. The coordinate with superscript 0 represents the temporal dimension, while the coordinates with superscripts 1, 2, and 3 correspond to the spatial dimensions. With this in mind, purely spatial rotations in Minkowski spacetime are described by the following relationships:<\/p>\n<p><bdi><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>Rotation with respect to the xy plane:<\/strong> <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\underbrace{\\left(\\begin{array}{r}\n\nx^{\\prime 0} \\\\ x^{\\prime 1} \\\\ x^{\\prime 2} \\\\ x^{\\prime 3} \\end{array}\\right)}_{\\large{x^{\\prime \\mu}}} = \\underbrace{\\left(\\begin{array}{cccc}\n\n1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\\\ 0 &amp; \\cos(\\theta) &amp; \\sin(\\theta) &amp; 0 \\\\ 0 &amp; -\\sin(\\theta) &amp; \\cos(\\theta) &amp; 0 \\\\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \\end{array}\\right)}_{\\large{{R_{xy}(\\theta)^\\mu}_\\nu}} \\underbrace{\\left(\\begin{array}{c} x^0 \\\\ x^1 \\\\ x^2 \\\\ x^3 \\end{array}\\right)}_{\\large{x^{\\nu}}} <\/span>\n<p><\/bdi><\/p>\n<p><bdi><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>Rotation with respect to the yz plane:<\/strong> <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\underbrace{\\left(\\begin{array}{c}\n\nx^{\\prime 0} \\\\ x^{\\prime 1} \\\\ x^{\\prime 2} \\\\ x^{\\prime 3} \\end{array}\\right)}_{\\large{x^{\\prime \\mu}}} = \\underbrace{\\left(\\begin{array}{cccc} 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\\\\n\n{} 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\\\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; \\cos(\\theta) &amp; \\sin(\\theta) \\\\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; -\\sin(\\theta) &amp; \\cos(\\theta) \\end{array}\\right)}_{\\large{{R_{yz}(\\theta)^\\mu}_\\nu}} \\underbrace{\\left(\\begin{array}{r} x^0 \\\\ x^1 \\\\ x^2 \\\\ x^3 \\end{array}\\right)}_{\\large{x^{\\nu}}} <\/span>\n<p><\/bdi><\/p>\n<p><bdi><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>Rotation with respect to the xz plane:<\/strong> <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\underbrace{\\left(\\begin{array}{c} x^{\\prime 0} \\\\ {}x^{\\prime 1} \\\\ x^{\\prime 2} \\\\ x^{\\prime 3} \\end{array}\\right)}_{\\large{x^{\\prime \\mu}}} = \\underbrace{\\left(\\begin{array}{cccc} 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\\\ 0 &amp; \\cos(\\theta) &amp; 0 &amp; \\sin(\\theta) \\\\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\\\ 0 &amp; -\\sin(\\theta) &amp; 0 &amp; \\cos(\\theta) \\end{array}\\right)}_{\\large{{R_{xz}(\\theta)^\\mu}_\\nu}} \\underbrace{\\left(\\begin{array}{r} x^0 \\\\ {} x^1 \\\\ x^2 \\\\ x^3 \\end{array}\\right)}_{\\large{x^{\\nu}}} <\/span>\n<p><\/bdi><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">These transformations maintain exactly the same properties as their three-dimensional counterparts.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"5\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Hyperbolic Rotations of Spacetime<\/h2>\n<p><a name=\"6\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Introducing the Velocity Parameter<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">The similarity between Lorentz transformations and a spatial rotation can be obtained by introducing what we call the <strong>velocity parameter<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x}= \\text{argtanh}(\\beta_{ss^\\prime_x}).<\/span><\/bdi><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">Since <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\beta_{ss^\\prime_x}\\in]-1,1[<\/span>, we have <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x}\\in\\mathbb{R}<\/span>. Also note that, from this we will have that <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\gamma_{ss^\\prime_x}=\\cosh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x})<\/span> and <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\gamma_{ss^\\prime_x} \\beta_{ss^\\prime_x} = \\sinh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x})<\/span>. This is obtained from the following calculations:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">It is clear that <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x}= \\text{argtanh}(\\beta_{ss^\\prime_x})<\/span><\/bdi> is equivalent to saying <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\beta_{ss^\\prime_x} =\\tanh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x})<\/span><\/bdi>; and therefore: <\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\begin{array}{rl} \\gamma^2_{ss^\\prime_x} &amp;= \\dfrac{1}{1-\\beta^2_{ss^\\prime_x}} \\\\ \\\\ &amp; = \\dfrac{1}{1-\\tanh^2(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x})} \\\\ \\\\ {} &amp; = \\dfrac{\\cosh^2(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x})}{\\cosh^2(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x}) - \\sinh^2(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x})} \\\\ \\\\ &amp; = \\cosh^2(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x}) \\end{array}<\/span><\/bdi><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">Since both the gamma factor and the hyperbolic cosine are always greater than or equal to 1, it is finally demonstrated that <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\gamma_{ss^\\prime_x} = \\cosh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x})<\/span><\/bdi>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">Similarly, continuing the calculations made previously, we have:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\gamma^2_{ss^\\prime_x} \\beta^2_{ss^\\prime_x} = \\cosh^2(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x}) \\tanh^2(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x})= \\sinh^2(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x})<\/span>.<\/bdi><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">Therefore, <bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\gamma_{ss^\\prime_x} \\beta_{ss^\\prime_x} = \\sinh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x})<\/span><\/bdi>. <\/p>\n<p><a name=\"7\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Formulating Spacetime Rotations as Hyperbolic Rotations<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">\nHaving reached this point, we can now rewrite the factor associated with the velocity boost and the gamma factor using the velocity parameter in Lorentz transformations. Considering two inertial systems <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">S<\/span> and <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">S^\\prime<\/span> in standard configuration, where the second is applied a boost on the <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">x<\/span> axis, <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\beta_{ss^\\prime_x}<\/span>, we have:\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><bdi><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\begin{array}{rl} ct^\\prime &amp;= \\gamma_{ss^\\prime_x}(ct - \\beta_{ss^\\prime_x} x) \\\\ &amp;= \\gamma_{ss^\\prime_x} ct - \\gamma_{ss^\\prime_x}\\beta_{ss^\\prime_x} x \\\\ &amp;= ct\\cosh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x}) - x\\sinh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x}), \\\\ \\\\ x^\\prime &amp;= \\gamma_{ss^\\prime_x}(x - \\beta_{ss^\\prime_x} ct) \\\\ &amp;= -\\gamma_{ss^\\prime_x}\\beta_{ss^\\prime_x} ct + \\gamma_{ss^\\prime_x}x \\\\ &amp;= -ct \\sinh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x}) + x\\cosh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x}), \\\\ \\\\ y^\\prime &amp;= y, \\\\ \\\\\n\nz^\\prime &amp;= z. \\end{array} <\/span><\/bdi><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">This system of equations allows the following matrix representation:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>Hyperbolic Rotation of Spacetime on the tx Plane: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\begin{array}{rl} \\underbrace{\\left( \\begin{array}{c} ct^\\prime \\\\ x^\\prime \\\\ y^\\prime \\\\ z^\\prime \\end{array} \\right)}_{\\large{x^{\\prime \\mu}}} &amp;= \\underbrace{\\left( \\begin{array}{cccc} \\cosh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x}) &amp; -\\sinh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x}) &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\\\ - \\sinh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x}) &amp; \\cosh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x}) &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\\\\n\n{} 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\\\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \\end{array}\\right)}_{\\large{{R_{tx}(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x})^\\mu}_\\nu}} \\underbrace{\\left( \\begin{array}{c} ct \\\\ x \\\\ y \\\\ z \\end{array} \\right)}_{\\large{x^{\\nu}}} \\end{array} <\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">Similarly, we have hyperbolic rotations on each of the spacetime planes:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>Hyperbolic Rotation of Spacetime on the ty Plane: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\begin{array}{rl} \\underbrace{\\left( \\begin{array}{c} ct^\\prime \\\\ x^\\prime \\\\ y^\\prime \\\\ z^\\prime \\end{array} \\right)}_{\\large{x^{\\prime \\mu}}} &amp;= \\underbrace{\\left(\\begin{array}{cccc} \\cosh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_y}) &amp; 0 &amp; -\\sinh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_y}) &amp; 0 \\\\ 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\\\ {} - \\sinh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_y}) &amp; 0 &amp; \\cosh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_y}) &amp; 0 \\\\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \\end{array}\\right)}_{\\large{{R_{ty}(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_y})^\\mu}_\\nu}} \\underbrace{\\left( \\begin{array}{c} ct \\\\ x \\\\ y \\\\ z \\end{array} \\right)}_{\\large{x^{\\nu}}} \\end{array} <\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><strong>Hyperbolic Rotation of Spacetime on the tz Plane: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\n\\begin{array}{rl} \\underbrace{\\left( \\begin{array}{c} ct^\\prime \\\\ x^\\prime \\\\ y^\\prime \\\\ z^\\prime \\end{array} \\right)}_{\\large{x^{\\prime \\mu}}} &amp;= \\underbrace{\\left( \\begin{array}{cccc} \\cosh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x}) &amp; -\\sinh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x}) &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\\\ - \\sinh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x}) &amp; \\cosh(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x}) &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\\\\n\n{} 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\\\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \\end{array}\\right)}_{\\large{{R_{tx}(\\psi_{ss^\\prime_x})^\\mu}_\\nu}} \\underbrace{\\left( \\begin{array}{c} ct \\\\ x \\\\ y \\\\ z \\end{array} \\right)}_{\\large{x^{\\nu}}} \\end{array} <\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">\nDue to their form and algebraic properties, these transformations are very similar to a spatial rotation, except that instead of using trigonometric functions, they use hyperbolic functions. Although they are not rotations in the strict sense, they maintain some analogy with the rotations reviewed at the beginning. For example, similar to what happens with rotations, the inverse transformation is obtained by replacing the corresponding velocity parameter <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\psi<\/span> with <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">-\\psi<\/span>. These transformations are sometimes called <strong>hyperbolic rotations<\/strong>, and the velocity parameter is also known as the <strong>hyperbolic angle<\/strong>.\n<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"8\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div style=\"background-color:#F3F3F3; padding:20px;\">\n<h2>Conclusions<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">\n        So far, we have comprehensively addressed the concept of rotations in Minkowski spacetime, which allows us to have a deeper understanding of Lorentz transformations. Through this study, we have achieved the following key points:\n    <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Reinterpretation of Lorentz Transformations<\/strong>: We have learned to visualize and understand Lorentz transformations not only as changes in coordinates due to different reference frames but also as rotations in spacetime.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Understanding Rotations in Minkowski Spacetime<\/strong>: We have examined in detail the rotations within the four-dimensional Minkowski space.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Exploration of Hyperbolic Rotations of Spacetime<\/strong>: Finally, we have introduced the concept of hyperbolic rotations of spacetime, examining their similarity to usual spatial rotations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hyperbolic Rotations of Spacetime Summary: In this class, we will review how Lorentz transformations can be reinterpreted as spacetime rotation transformations. We will start by examining rotations in the four-dimensional Minkowski space, distinguishing between purely spatial rotations and those involving spacetime axes. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this class, the student will be able [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26205,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":21,"footnotes":""},"categories":[635,691],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27311","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-physics","category-relativity"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Hyperbolic Rotations of Spacetime - toposuranos.com\/material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover how Lorentz transformations can be reinterpreted as hyperbolic rotations of spacetime.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/en\/hyperbolic-rotations-of-spacetime\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hyperbolic Rotations of Spacetime\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Discover how Lorentz transformations can be reinterpreted as hyperbolic rotations of spacetime.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/en\/hyperbolic-rotations-of-spacetime\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"toposuranos.com\/material\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/toposuranos\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-01-07T13:00:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-07-01T01:32:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/rotacioneshiperbolicas-1-1024x585.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"giorgio.reveco\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Hyperbolic Rotations of Spacetime\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Discover how Lorentz transformations can be reinterpreted as hyperbolic rotations of spacetime.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"http:\/\/toposuranos.com\/material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/rotacioneshiperbolicas-1.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@topuranos\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@topuranos\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrito por\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"giorgio.reveco\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tiempo de lectura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minuto\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/toposuranos.com\\\/material\\\/en\\\/hyperbolic-rotations-of-spacetime\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/toposuranos.com\\\/material\\\/en\\\/hyperbolic-rotations-of-spacetime\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"giorgio.reveco\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/toposuranos.com\\\/material\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e15164361c3f9a2a02cf6c234cf7fdc1\"},\"headline\":\"Hyperbolic Rotations of Spacetime\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-01-07T13:00:30+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-07-01T01:32:29+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/toposuranos.com\\\/material\\\/en\\\/hyperbolic-rotations-of-spacetime\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2058,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/toposuranos.com\\\/material\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/toposuranos.com\\\/material\\\/en\\\/hyperbolic-rotations-of-spacetime\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/toposuranos.com\\\/material\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/01\\\/rotacioneshiperbolicas-1.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Physics\",\"Relativity\"],\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"http:\\\/\\\/toposuranos.com\\\/material\\\/en\\\/hyperbolic-rotations-of-spacetime\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/toposuranos.com\\\/material\\\/en\\\/hyperbolic-rotations-of-spacetime\\\/\",\"url\":\"http:\\\/\\\/toposuranos.com\\\/material\\\/en\\\/hyperbolic-rotations-of-spacetime\\\/\",\"name\":\"Hyperbolic Rotations of Spacetime - 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